愛でる

Japanese
Kanji in this term
愛
め
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
賞でる (rare)

Etymology

⟨me2du⟩ → */məɨdu/ → /med͡zu/ → /mederu/

From Old Japanese verb 愛づ (medu).[1][2]

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) めで​る [mèdéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])[2]
  • IPA(key): [me̞de̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

愛(め)でる • (mederu) transitive ichidan (stem 愛(め)で (mede), past 愛(め)でた (medeta))

  1. to love
    花(はな)を愛(め)でる
    hana o mederu
    to love flowers
    Synonyms: 愛しむ (itsukushimu), 好む (konomu)
    Antonyms: 厭う (itou), 嫌う (kirau), 憎む (nikumu)
  2. to adore
    Synonyms: 愛おしむ (itooshimu), 可愛がる (kawaigaru)
  3. to admire, to appreciate
    Synonyms: 感心する (kanshin suru), 誉める (homeru)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "愛でる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 愛で めで mede
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 愛で めで mede
Shūshikei ("terminal") 愛でる めでる mederu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 愛でる めでる mederu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 愛でれ めでれ medere
Meireikei ("imperative") 愛でよ¹
愛でろ²		 めでよ¹
めでろ²		 medeyo¹
medero²
Key constructions
Passive 愛でられる めでられる mederareru
Causative 愛でさせる
愛でさす		 めでさせる
めでさす		 medesaseru
medesasu
Potential 愛でられる
愛でれる³		 めでられる
めでれる³		 mederareru
medereru³
Volitional 愛でよう めでよう medeyō
Negative 愛でない
愛でぬ
愛でん		 めでない
めでぬ
めでん		 medenai
medenu
meden
Negative continuative 愛でず めでず medezu
Formal 愛でます めでます medemasu
Perfective 愛でた めでた medeta
Conjunctive 愛でて めでて medete
Hypothetical conditional 愛でれば めでれば medereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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