機械

See also: 机械

Chinese

		machine; opportunity; secret	tools
trad. (機械)		機	械
simp. (机械)		机	械

Etymology

Attestable in ancient Chinese texts.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jīxiè

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄒㄧㄝˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gei¹ haai⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gei¹ hai⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kî-hái
Min Dong (BUC): gĭ-huôi
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ki-hāi / ki-hâi / ki-kài

(Teochew, Peng'im): gi¹ hai⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jīxiè
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄒㄧㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jisiè
  - Wade–Giles: chi¹-hsieh⁴
  - Yale: jī-syè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jishieh
  - Palladius: цзисе (czise)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕjɛ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gei¹ haai⁶
  - Yale: gēi haaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gei¹ haai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: géi¹ hai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯⁵⁵ haːi̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gei¹ hai⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei³³ hai³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kî-hái
  - Hakka Romanization System: gi´ hai`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gi¹ hai³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki²⁴ hai̯³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭ-huôi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(h-)ui²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hāi
  - Tâi-lô: ki-hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ki'hai
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hâi
  - Tâi-lô: ki-hâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ki'haai
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hai²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ hai²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² hai¹³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-kài
  - Tâi-lô: ki-kài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ki'kaix
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ki⁴⁴⁻³³ kai¹¹/

Note:

ki-hāi - literary;
ki-hâi - colloquial variant.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gi¹ hai⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki hăi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³⁻²³ hai³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kɨi ɦˠɛi^H/

Rime
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	皆 (33)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	居依切	胡介切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨi/	/ɦˠɛi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨi/	/ɦᵚæi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəi/	/ɣɐi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨj/	/ɦəɨj^H/
Li Rong	/kiəi/	/ɣɛi^H/
Wang Li	/kĭəi/	/ɣɐi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ke̯i/	/ɣăi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jī	xiè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei¹	haai⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kəj [m-k]ˤrək-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kɯl ɡrɯːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jī	xiè
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨj ›	‹ hɛj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kəj/	/*[m-k]ˁrək-s/
English	mechanism	fetters; weapon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	機	械
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5788	6547
Phonetic component	幾	戒
Rime group	微	代
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	機	械
Old Chinese	/*kɯl/	/*ɡrɯːɡs/

Noun

機械

machine; machinery
機械製造業／机械制造业 ― jīxiè zhìzàoyè ― machinery manufacturing industry

Synonym: 機器／机器 (jīqì)
(Classical Chinese) machination

Derived terms

機械人／机械人 (jīxièrén)
機械工程／机械工程 (jīxiè gōngchéng)
機械翻譯／机械翻译 (jīxiè fānyì)

機械臂／机械臂 (jīxièbì)
簡單機械／简单机械 (jiǎndān jīxiè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (機械):

→ Japanese: 機(き)械(かい) (kikai)
→ Korean: 기계(機械) (gigye)
→ Vietnamese: cơ giới (機械)

Adjective

機械

(figuratively) stiff; inflexible

Japanese

Kanji in this term
機	械
き Grade: 4	かい Grade: 4
kan’on

For pronunciation and definitions of 機械 – see the following entry.

【器械きかい】

[noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1850s] any powered mechanical device for performing work

[noun] 機械: a machine, equipment, an apparatus

[noun] 機械, 器械: [from 1520] (archaic) a clockwork, a mechanism, especially one using strings and pulleys

[noun] 機械: [from 1862] (uncommon, biology) an internal organ, biological machinery

[noun] 機械: [from 1899] (uncommon) a means for accomplishing a goal

(This term, 機械, is an alternative spelling of the above Sino-Japanese term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
機	械

Noun

機械 • (gigye) (hangeul 기계)

Hanja form^? of 기계 (“machinery or heavy equipment”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
機	械

Noun

機械

chữ Hán form of cơ giới (“machine; motor”).

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