渤海

Chinese
Gulf of Chili ocean; sea
simp. and trad.
(渤海)		 渤 海
alternative forms 勃海

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Description of the origins of the term”)

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 渤 海
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 並 (3) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 魂 (56) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 蒲没切 呼改切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /buət̚/ /hʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /buot̚/ /həiX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /buət̚/ /xɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /bwət̚/ /həjX/
Li
Rong		 /buət̚/ /xᴀiX/
Wang
Li		 /buət̚/ /xɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /bʱuət̚/ /xɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 bó hǎi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 but6 hoi2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hǎi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ xojX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English sea

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 渤 海
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 986 9283
Phonetic
component		 孛 母
Rime
group		 物 之
Rime
subdivision		 1 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 勃 海
Old
Chinese		 /*bɯːd/ /*hmlɯːʔ/

Proper noun

渤海

  1. Bohai Sea
  2. (～郡) (historical) Bohai Commandery
  3. (～國) (historical) Balhae (multi-ethnic kingdom in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula)

Synonyms
  • (Bohai Sea):

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (渤海):
  • → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
  • → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
  • → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

Japanese
Kanji in this term
渤 海
ぼつ > ぼっ
Hyōgaiji		 かい
Grade: 2
kan’yōon on’yomi
Alternative spellings
渤海 (kyūjitai)
勃海

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [bo̞k̚ka̠i]

Proper noun

渤(ぼっ)海(かい) • (Bokkai) 

  1. a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae
  2. the Bohai Sea

Korean
Hanja in this term
渤海

Proper noun

渤海 • (Balhae) (hangeul 발해)

  1. Hanja form? of 발해 (“Balhae”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term
渤海

Proper noun

渤海

  1. chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“the Bohai Sea”).
  2. chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae”).
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