返る

Japanese
Kanji in this term
返
かえ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Alternative forms
  • (reverse, turn over; renew; continuative verb suffix): 反る

Etymology

⟨kape1ru⟩ → */kapʷeru/ → /kaferu/ → /kawʲeru/ → /kaeru/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kapyaru.

Appears to be derived from a kape- stem, compare 返す (kaesu, “return”, transitive).

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "返る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 返る か​える [káꜜèrù]
Imperative (命令形) 返れ か​えれ [káꜜèrè]
Key constructions
Passive 返られる かえられ​る [kàéráréꜜrù]
Causative 返らせる かえらせ​る [kàéráséꜜrù]
Potential 返れる かえれ​る [kàéréꜜrù]
Volitional 返ろう かえろ​ー [kàéróꜜò]
Negative 返らない かえら​ない [kàéráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 返らなかった かえら​なかった [kàéráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 返ります かえりま​す [kàérímáꜜsù]
Perfective 返った か​えった [káꜜèttà]
Conjunctive 返って か​えって [káꜜèttè]
Hypothetical conditional 返れば か​えれば [káꜜèrèbà]

Verb

返(かえ)る • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?intransitive godan (stem 返(かえ)り (kaeri), past 返(かえ)った (kaetta))

Japanese verb pair
active 返す
mediopassive 返る
  1. to return, go back
  2. to reverse, turn over
    1. to move in the opposite direction
    2. to interchange front and back
  3. to change color, fade
  4. (of a year) to renew
  5. (by extension) to start over
  6. suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:
    1. to [verb] completely
    2. to [verb] over and over or repeatedly
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 12, poem 2890), text here
        夜干(ぬば)玉(たま)之(の)夜乎(よを)長(ながみ)鴨(かも)吾(わが)背子之(せこが)夢(いめ)尓(に)夢(いめ)西(にし)所見(みえ)還(かへる)良武(らむ) [Man'yōgana]
        ぬばたまの夜(よ)を長(なが)みかもわが背子(せこ)が夢(いめ)に夢(いめ)にし見(み)えかへるらむ [Modern spelling]
        nubatama no yo o nagami ka mo waga seko ga ime ni ime ni shi mie-kaeruran
        (please add an English translation of this example)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "返る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 返ら かえら kaera
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 返り かえり kaeri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 返る かえる kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 返る かえる kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 返れ かえれ kaere
Meireikei ("imperative") 返れ かえれ kaere
Key constructions
Passive 返られる かえられる kaerareru
Causative 返らせる
返らす		 かえらせる
かえらす		 kaeraseru
kaerasu
Potential 返れる かえれる kaereru
Volitional 返ろう かえろう kaerō
Negative 返らない かえらない kaeranai
Negative continuative 返らず かえらず kaerazu
Formal 返ります かえります kaerimasu
Perfective 返った かえった kaetta
Conjunctive 返って かえって kaette
Hypothetical conditional 返れば かえれば kaereba
Classical conjugation of "返る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 返らかへらkafera
Continuative (連用形) 返りかへりkaferi
Terminal (終止形) 返るかへるkaferu
Attributive (連体形) 返るかへるkaferu
Realis (已然形) 返れかへれkafere
Imperative (命令形) 返れかへれkafere
Key constructions
Negative 返らずかへらずkaferazu
Contrasting conjunction 返れどかへれどkaferedo
Causal conjunction 返ればかへればkafereba
Conditional conjunction 返らばかへらばkaferaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 返りきかへりきkaferiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 返りけりかへりけりkaferikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 返りつかへりつkaferitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 返りぬかへりぬkaferinu
Perfect-continuative tense 返れり
返りたり		かへれり
かへりたり		kafereri
kaferitari
Volitional 返らむかへらむkaferamu

Derived terms

See also

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
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