食む

Japanese

Kanji in this term
食
は Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Etymology

/pamu/ → /famu/ → /hamu/

From Old Japanese.

Possibly cognate with 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はむ [háꜜmù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
IPA^(key): [ha̠mɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

食(は)む • (hamu) transitive godan (stem 食(は)み (hami), past 食(は)んだ (handa))

(archaic, dialectal) to chew and ingest food; to eat
Synonyms: 食う (kuu), 食べる (taberu)

草(くさ)を食(は)む
kusa o hamu
to graze
to get paid, receive a stipend (from a duty, work, etc.) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
to harm, injure
Synonyms: 害する (gaisuru), 損なう (sokonau)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "食む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	食ま	はま	hama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	食み	はみ	hami
Shūshikei ("terminal")	食む	はむ	hamu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	食む	はむ	hamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	食め	はめ	hame
Meireikei ("imperative")	食め	はめ	hame
Key constructions
Passive	食まれる	はまれる	hamareru
Causative	食ませる食ます	はませるはます	hamaseru hamasu
Potential	食める	はめる	hameru
Volitional	食もう	はもう	hamō
Negative	食まない	はまない	hamanai
Negative continuative	食まず	はまず	hamazu
Formal	食みます	はみます	hamimasu
Perfective	食んだ	はんだ	handa
Conjunctive	食んで	はんで	hande
Hypothetical conditional	食めば	はめば	hameba

Derived terms

Derived terms

食(は)み (hami)
食(は)み跡(あと) (hamiato)
食(は)み返(かえ)る, 癁(はみかえ)る (hamikaeru)
食(は)み出(だ)す (hamidasu)
食(は)み出(で)る (hamideru)
食(は)み物(もの) (hamimono)
相(あい)食(は)む (aihamu)
餌食(えば)む (ebamu)
啄(ついば)む (tsuibamu)
一人(ひとり)食(ば)み (hitoribami)
蝕(むしば)む, 虫(むし)食(ば)む (mushibamu)
物(もの)食(は)み, 膆(ものはみ) (monohami)
もり食(は)む (morihamu)

Idioms

金(かね)の轡(くつわ)を食(は)ます (kane no kutsuwa o hamasu)
言(げん)を食(は)む (gen o hamu, “eat one's words”)
禄(ろく)を食(は)む (roku o hamu)

References

Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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