首陀羅

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (首陀羅)		首	陀	羅
simp. (首陀罗)		首	陀	罗

Etymology

From Sanskrit शूद्र (śūdra).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shǒutuóluó

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄡˇ ㄊㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shǒutuóluó
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄡˇ ㄊㄨㄛˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shǒutuóluó
  - Wade–Giles: shou³-tʻo²-lo²
  - Yale: shǒu-twó-lwó
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shooutwoluo
  - Palladius: шоутоло (šoutolo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ tʰwɔ³⁵ lwɔ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɕɨu^H dɑ lɑ/

Rime
Character	首	陀	羅
Reading #	2/2	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	定 (7)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	歌 (94)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I	I
Fanqie	舒救切	徒河切	魯何切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨu^H/	/dɑ/	/lɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiu^H/	/dɑ/	/lɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕiəu^H/	/dɑ/	/lɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕuw^H/	/da/	/la/
Li Rong	/ɕiu^H/	/dɑ/	/lɑ/
Wang Li	/ɕĭəu^H/	/dɑ/	/lɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯ə̯u^H/	/dʱɑ/	/lɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shòu	tuó	luó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sau³	to⁴	lo⁴

Noun

首陀羅

(Hinduism, Buddhism) Shudra (one of the four castes of the varna system)

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