-는-

See also: 는 and -는

Korean

Alternative forms
  • ㄴ (-n-) – see Usage notes

Etymology

From Middle Korean ᄂᆞ (Yale: -no-), representing a merger of two independent Old Korean suffixes: 飛 (*-no-) and 臥 (*-nwu-). It is usually thought that 臥 (*-nwu-), despite the vowel shift, was closer to the present-tense meaning and that 飛 (*-no-) may have been a continuous aspect-marking suffix.[1][2]

The reduplicated form 는 (-neun-) is used since the seventeenth century, except in certain contexts (see below) where the syncopated form ㄴ (-n) is used after vowels.

Pronunciation
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?neun
Revised Romanization (translit.)?neun
McCune–Reischauer?nŭn
Yale Romanization?nun

Suffix

는 • (-neun-)

  1. A present tense-marking suffix for verbs; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific 으시 (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix.
    Coordinate terms: 었 (-eot-, past-tense), 겠 (-get-, future)
    ‎먹 (meok-) + ‎는 (-neun-) + ‎다 (-da) → ‎먹는다 (meongneunda, “one eats”)
    ‎먹 (meok-) + ‎는 (-neun-) + ‎구나 (-guna) → ‎먹는구나 (meongneun'guna, “one is eating!”)
    ‎있 (it-) + ‎는 (-neun-) + ‎다 (-da) → ‎있는다 (inneunda, “one stays”)

Usage notes
  • This suffix causes stem-final ㄹ (l) to drop out.
  • This suffix takes the short form ㄴ (-n-) after vowels and before the formal non-polite ending 다 (-da). In all other cases, the full form is used: 안다 (anda), not *아는다 (*aneunda), but 아는가 (aneun'ga), not *안가 (*an'ga).

Derived terms
  • 는구나 (-neun'guna)
  • 는다 (-neunda)
  • 는다지 (-neundaji)
  • 는단다 (-neundanda)
  • 는 (-neun, present-tense adnominal marker)
  • 는가 (-neun'ga)

References
  1. 鄭在永 (1999), “선어말어미 '內', '飛'와 '臥'”, in 口訣學會 제21회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 [from the 21st conference of the Society for Kugyol Studies], pages 63—86
  2. 박진호 (2018), “선어말어미 ‘ᄂᆞ’와 ‘누’에 대한 문법사적 고찰: 차자표기 자료와의 관련성을 중심으로”, in 口訣學會 제54회 共同硏究會 發表論文集 [from the 54th conference of the Society for Kugyol Studies], pages 1—11
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