< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ulkos
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Alternative forms
- *ulkʷos (if the etymology from the Proto-Indo-European word for ‘wolf’ is correct)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz (“bad, evil”), Latin ulcus (“wound, sore”), Ancient Greek ἕλκος (hélkos, “wound, ulcer”), Sanskrit अर्श (arśa, “hemorrhoids”).
Alternatively, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”), though both the phonology and the semantics are difficult. In this case, it should be reconstructed *ulkʷos.
Declension
| O/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ulkos | *ulkou | *ulkoi |
| vocative | *ulke | *ulkou | *ulkūs |
| accusative | *ulkom | *ulkou | *ulkoms |
| genitive | *ulkī | *ulkous | *ulkom |
| dative | *ulkūi | *ulkobom | *ulkobos |
| instrumental | *ulkū | *ulkobim | *ulkobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ulkā | *ulkai | *ulkās |
| vocative | *ulkā | *ulkai | *ulkās |
| accusative | *ulkam | *ulkai | *ulkams |
| genitive | *ulkās | *ulkous | *ulkom |
| dative | *ulkai | *ulkābom | *ulkābos |
| instrumental | *? | *ulkābim | *ulkābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ulkom | *ulkou | *ulkā |
| vocative | *ulkom | *ulkou | *ulkā |
| accusative | *ulkom | *ulkou | *ulkā |
| genitive | *ulkī | *ulkous | *ulkom |
| dative | *ulkūi | *ulkobom | *ulkobos |
| instrumental | *ulkū | *ulkobim | *ulkobis |
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