< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gramaz (“furious”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɣrɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gramjaną[1][2]

  1. to cause to be angry, provoke, irritate
  2. to anger

Inflection
Conjugation of *gramjaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gramjō*gramjaų—*gramjai ?
2nd singular *gramisi*gramjais*grami*gramjasai*gramjaisau
3rd singular *gramiþi*gramjai*gramjaþau*gramjaþai*gramjaiþau
1st dual *gramjōs*gramjaiw———
2nd dual *gramjaþiz*gramjaiþiz*gramjaþiz——
1st plural *gramjamaz*gramjaim—*gramjanþai*gramjainþau
2nd plural *gramiþ*gramjaiþ*gramiþ*gramjanþai*gramjainþau
3rd plural *gramjanþi*gramjain*gramjanþau*gramjanþai*gramjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gramidǭ*gramidēdį̄
2nd singular *gramidēz*gramidēdīz
3rd singular *gramidē*gramidēdī
1st dual *gramidēdū*gramidēdīw
2nd dual *gramidēdudiz*gramidēdīdiz
1st plural *gramidēdum*gramidēdīm
2nd plural *gramidēdud*gramidēdīd
3rd plural *gramidēdun*gramidēdīn
present past
participles *gramjandz*gramidaz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *grammjan
    • Old English: gremian, gremman
      • Middle English: gremen
    • Old Frisian: *gremia, *gremma
      • Saterland Frisian: grääme
    • Old Saxon: *gremian, *gremmian
      • Middle Low German: grēmen, gremmen
    • Old High German: gremen, gremmen
      • Middle High German: gremen
  • Old Norse: gremja
    • Icelandic: gremja
    • Norwegian Bokmål: gremme; gremmes
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: gremja, gremje, gremma, gremme
    • Swedish: gräma
    • Danish: græmme
  • Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gramjan)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*gramjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*ʒramjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
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