Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hafraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*habraz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, male goat”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑ.ɸrɑz/

Noun

*hafraz m

he-goat

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hafraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hafraz	hafrōz, hafrōs
vocative	*hafr	hafrōz, hafrōs
accusative	*hafrą	*hafranz
genitive	hafras, hafris	*hafrǫ̂
dative	*hafrai	*haframaz
instrumental	*hafrō	*haframiz

Related terms

*habrô

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hafr
- Old English: hæfer
- Old Saxon: *havar
  - ⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok
- Old High German: *habar
  - Middle High German: *haber
    - ⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)
Proto-Norse: ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ /haβᵒrumʀ/) (dative plural) [550–600 CE, Stentoften stone]
- Old Norse: hafr
  - Icelandic: hafur
  - Faroese: havur
→ Proto-Finnic: *kapris (see there for further descendants)

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