Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/targijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*terganą

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”). Cognate with Russian дёргать (djórgatʹ, “to pull, yank, jerk, pluck up”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtɑr.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*targijaną

to pull; yank; tug; tease
to irritate

Inflection

Conjugation of *targijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*targijō	*targijaų	—	*targijai	?
2nd singular	*targīsi	*targijais	*targī	*targijasai	*targijaisau
3rd singular	*targīþi	*targijai	*targijaþau	*targijaþai	*targijaiþau
1st dual	*targijōs	*targijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*targijaþiz	*targijaiþiz	*targijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*targijamaz	*targijaim	—	*targijanþai	*targijainþau
2nd plural	*targīþ	*targijaiþ	*targīþ	*targijanþai	*targijainþau
3rd plural	*targijanþi	*targijain	*targijanþau	*targijanþai	*targijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*targidǭ	*targidēdį̄
2nd singular	*targidēz	*targidēdīz
3rd singular	*targidē	*targidēdī
1st dual	*targidēdū	*targidēdīw
2nd dual	*targidēdudiz	*targidēdīdiz
1st plural	*targidēdum	*targidēdīm
2nd plural	*targidēdud	*targidēdīd
3rd plural	*targidēdun	*targidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*targijandz	*targidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *targijan
- Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan
  - Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen
    - Scots: tarrow
    - English: tarry
- Old Frisian: *tergia, *targia
  - Saterland Frisian: taagje (possibly from Low German)
  - West Frisian: tergje
- Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian
  - Middle Low German: tergen, targen
    - German Low German: targen
    - → Danish: tærge
    - → Norwegian: terge
    - → Swedish: targa
- Old Dutch: *tergen
  - Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen
    - Dutch: tergen
- Old High German: zergen
  - Middle High German: *zergen
    - German: zergen
- Lombardic: *zergen
  - → Vulgar Latin: *zergō
    - Italian: zerigare (Tuscan)
    - ⇒ Venetian: inzeregà
    - ⇒ Italian: zerga (“anger”)
      - ⇒ Italian: inzergassi

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