Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sem-

*sem-

1. together, one

• *sḗm (“one”)
• *sm̥- (“one”)
• *sēm-i (“half”)
• *sem-ǵʰo-
  • Proto-Albanian: *semdza
    • Albanian: gjithë
  • Proto-Italic: *senɣeloi
    • Latin: singulī
• *ḱóm-som-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kusun? (possibly)
    • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su)
      • Ancient Greek: σύν (sún), ξύν (xún); σούν (soún)
        • Greek: συν (syn)
        • Yevanic: שִׁין‎ (šin)
        • → Dutch: syn-
        • → English: syn-, sym-
        • → French: syn-
        • → German: syn-
        • → Italian: sin-, sim-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sam-
      • Sanskrit: सम्- (sam-)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ham-, *han-, *ha-, *hama-
      • Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬨-‎ (ham-), 𐬵𐬀-‎ (ha-)
      • Northern Kurdish: hev
      • Old Persian: 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /ham-/)
        • Middle Persian: hm (ham)
          • Persian: هم‎ (ham)
          • Northern Luri: هوم‎ (hom)
      • → Old Armenian: համ- (ham-), համա- (hama-), ամ- (am-), հան- (han-), ան- (an-), հոմ- (hom-), հոմա- (homa-) (in some cases contaminated with native inherited and Greek forms)
        • Armenian: համ- (ham-)
• *som-H-ós (“same”)
• *sem-h₁ (“couple”, dual)
  • *sm̥-h₁-o- (“a couple", a few”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *sumaz (“some, certain”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἁμός (hamós), ἁμῆ (hamê), ἅμα (háma), ἅμ’ (hám’); ἁμᾶ (hamâ)
      • Greek: άμα (áma)
• *sem-h₂-lo-
  • Proto-Celtic: *samal (“like, as”)
    • Old Irish: samail, amal
    • Proto-Brythonic: *aṽal
      • Welsh: fel
      • Cornish: avel
      • Breton: evel
  • Proto-Germanic: *simlê (“ever, always”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὁμαλός (homalós, “even, level”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: similis (see there for further descendants)
    • Latin: simul (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: insimul (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥- (compounding stem)
• *sm̥-kŕ̥t (“one time”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sakŕ̥t (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥-ló-m (or with *h₂el- (“ale”)?)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *sumlą > *sumblą (“gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
• *sm̥mo-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ամէն (amēn), ամեն (amen)
      • Armenian: ամեն (amen), ամենա- (amena-)
• *sḿ̥-teros (“one of the two”)[1]
  • Proto-Celtic: *santeros (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hə́teros
    • Ancient Greek: ἕτερος (héteros)

      Aeolic Greek: ἄτερος (áteros)

      Doric Greek: ἅτερος (háteros), ὥτερος (hṓteros)

• *sem-kʷih₁- (with *kʷyeh₁-)
  • Proto-Armenian: *hangi-
    • Old Armenian: հանգչիմ (hangčʿim, “to rest”), հանգնում (hangnum)
      • Armenian: հանգչել (hangčʿel), հանգուցյալ (hangucʿyal)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sam-čyaH-
    • Proto-Iranian: *ham-čyaH-
      • Alanic:
        • Ossetian: ӕнцад (æncad, “quiet, tranquil”)
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (hncy-, “to rest, repose”)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾncʾy, “to stay, remain”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sam-
    • Latvian: suo-
    • Lithuanian: sam-
    • Old Prussian: sen-
    • Proto-Slavic: *sǫ- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *samanai (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sōmiz, *sōmijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *sin-
    • Proto-West Germanic: *sin-
      • Old English: sin-, sine-
      • Old Saxon: sin-
      • Old High German: sin-
    • Old Norse: sí-
      • Faroese: sí-
    • ⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily, every day”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sadʰá, *s(u)mád
      • Sanskrit: सध (sadhá), सह (sahá, “together, with”)
        • Pali: saha
          • → Khmer: សហ (saʼhaʼ)
        • → Marathi: सह (sah)
      • Sanskrit: सुमद् (sumád), स्मद् (smád, “with”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: simītū

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag

• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Draw (water)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 169
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Put in order”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 472
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Once”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 410
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Alone”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 12
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “One”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 399
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Half”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 253
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Seasons”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 504
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Some”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 532
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Same”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 499
• Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “With”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 646