< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wedʰ-[1][2]

  1. to bind, to secure
  2. to pledge, to guarantee
  3. to lead

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wedʰ-
  • *wedʰ- (root present)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
      • Latvian: vest
      • Lithuanian: vèsti
      • Proto-Slavic: *vestì (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
      • Old Irish: feidid
      • Welsh: arweddu, arwain (< *ɸare-wedeti, ɸare-wedn-)
    • Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
      • Old High German: wetan
  • *wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
      • Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (vāδaiieiti)
        • → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)
  • *wédʰ-tis
    • Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)
  • *swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
    • Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
      • Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀‎ (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
        • → Middle Persian: (/xwēdōdah/)
          Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣‎ (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)
          • Classical Persian: خویدوده‎ (xweydōdah)
  • *wedʰ-úHs (“bride”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
        • Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
        • Central Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏‎ (vaδū)
        • Northeastern Iranian:
          • Sogdo-Bactrian:
            • Khwarezmian: ود‎ (wd /wud/), وذ‎ (wδ /waδ, wuδ/)
            • Proto-Sogdic:
              • Sogdian: (/waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)/, “wife”)
                Manichaean: 𐫇𐫔‎ (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇‎ (wδw)
                Sogdian: [script needed] (wδ),
                Syriac: ܙܕ‎ (wd)
        • Northwestern Iranian:
          • Kurdish:
            Central Kurdish: بووک‎ (bûk)
            Laki: بەوی‎ (bewî)
            Northern Kurdish: bûk
            Southern Kurdish: وەۊ‎ (weẅ), بەۊ‎ (beẅ)
        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • Old Azari: *ویو‎ (*vayō)
            • Harzani: ویی (viyi)
            • Karingani: وی (vay)
          • Talysh: (/vayo/)
            Arabic: ویو‎
            Latin: vəyo
          • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
            • Gurani: وەیوە‎ (waywa)
            • Zazaki: veyve
        • Southwestern Iranian:
          • Middle Persian: (/wayōg/)
            Manichaean: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃‎ (wywg)
            Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')
            • Classical Persian: بیوگ‎ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو‎ (bayô)
              Dari: بیوگ‎ (bayōg)
              Iranian Persian: بیوگ‎ (biyūg)
            • Lurish:
              Bakhtiari: بیو‎ (bayū)
              Northern Luri: بیی‎ (bayi)
  • *wódʰ-s
    • Proto-Italic: *woss
      • Latin: vas (“surety”)
  • *wodʰ-yom
    • Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)
  • Other formations:
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
    • Celtic:
      • Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
      • Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
    • Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
      • Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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