< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*yóh₁r̥ n[1]

  1. year
    Synonyms: *ǵʰéyōm, *wétos

Inflection
Athematic, acrostatic
singular collective
nominative *yóh₁r̥ *yéh₁ōr
genitive *yéh₁n̥s *ih₁nés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *yóh₁r̥ *yóh₁rih₁ *yóh₁r̥h₂ *yéh₁ōr
vocative *yóh₁r̥ *yóh₁rih₁ *yóh₁r̥h₂ *yéh₁ōr
accusative *yóh₁r̥ *yóh₁rih₁ *yóh₁r̥h₂ *yéh₁ōr
genitive *yéh₁n̥s *? *yéh₁noHom *ih₁nés
ablative *yéh₁n̥s *? *yéh₁n̥mos *ih₁nés
dative *yéh₁ney *? *yéh₁n̥mos *ih₁néy
locative *yéh₁n̥, *yéh₁ni *? *yéh₁n̥su *ih₁én, *ih₁éni
instrumental *yéh₁n̥h₁ *? *yéh₁n̥mis *ih₁néh₁

Derived terms
  • *yéh₁r-o-m
    • Proto-Germanic: *jērą (see there for further descendants)
  • *yóh₁r-o-s, *yóh₁r-eh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jā́ˀras, *jāˀrā́ˀ
      • Old Lithuanian: jōrė
      • Proto-Slavic: *jaro n, *jara f, *jarъ m (“summer; spring”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ὥρᾱ (hṓrā), ὥρη (hṓrē) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *jōros
      • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *hōrnos (< earlier *hojōrnos < *ho- (“this”) + *jōros + *-nos, cf. hodiē (“today”)[2])
        • Latin: hōrnus (“this year's, grown this year”)

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHas
      • ⇒ Sanskrit: पर्यारिणी (paryāríṇī, “calving after a year”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *yáHr̥ ~ *yáHah
      • Avestan: 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆‎ (yārə) ~ 𐬫𐬃‎ (yā̊), 𐬫𐬁‎ (yā))
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *dušyārah (“bad year, drought”) (+ *duš-)
        • Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬲𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀‎ (dužiiāiriia, “bad year, drought, harvest bringing bad seasons”)
        • Parthian: [script needed] (dušyār, “drought”), [script needed] (dižyārīft, “famine”)
        • Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶 (dušiyāram, “bad year, drought, ill-crop”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *Hhuyārah (“good year, non-drought year”) (+ *Hhu-)
        • Avestan: 𐬵𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀‎ (huiiāiriia, “good year, non-drought year, harvest bringing good seasons”)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hōrnos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 289-290
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