Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácmā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćmā.

Noun

*Hácmā m

sky, heaven

Derived terms

*Hácmāgūnah (“sky-colour”)
- Sogdian: (/asmānγōn/)
  Sogdian script: [script needed] (ʾsmʾnγwn)
- Middle Persian: (/asmāngōn/, “sky blue; azure”)
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsmʾngwn')
  - Classical Persian: آسمانگون‎ (āsmāngōn)
    Dari: آسمانگون‎ (āsmāngōn)
    
    Iranian Persian: آسمانگون‎ (āsmāngūn)
    
    Tajik: осмонгун (osmongun)
    - → Arabic: أسمانجوني‎ (ʔasmānjūniyy)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬨𐬀𐬥‎ (asman)[1]
Northeastern Iranian:
- Sogdo-Bacterian:
  - Bactrian: αϸνηφινδανο (ašnēfindano /āšnēfindan/, “the Lord of Sky”)
  - Khwarezmian: آسیم‎ (ʾsym /*āsəm/), آسم‎ (ʾsm)
  - Sogdiac:
    - Sogdian: (/(ə)smān/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗‎ (ʾsmʾn), 𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗‎ (smʾn)
      
      Sogdian script: [script needed] (smʾnh)
      
      Syriac script: ܣܩܐܢ‎ (smʾn)
      - → Classical Persian: سمان‎ (samān)
    - Yagnobi: осмон (āsmān) (perhaps influenced by Tajiki)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: اسمان‎ m (asmā́n), آسمان‎ (“āsmā́n”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: آژمان‎ (àžmàn), آزمان‎ (àzmàn)
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ئاسمان‎ (asman)
  
  Northern Kurdish: asman, azman, esman,
  
  Southern Kurdish: ئاسمان‎ (asman)
  
  Laki: ئاسمان‎ (asman)
- Old Median: *ásmən
  - → Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎴 (asman)
    - Middle Persian: (/asmān/)[2]
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭠𐭮𐭬𐭠𐭭‎ (ʾsmʾn)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗‎ (ʾsmʾn)
      Book Pahlavi script: 𐮰𐮽𐮼𐮰𐮵𐮵‎ (ʾsmʾn')
      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮍𐮋𐮀𐮌‎ (ʾsmʾn)
      Pazend script: 𐬁𐬯𐬨𐬅‎ (āsmą̇̇)
      - Classical Persian: آسمان‎ (âsmân)
        Dari: آسمان‎ (ā̊smā̊n)
        Iranian Persian: آسمان‎ (âsemân, âsmân)
        Tajik: осмон (osmon)
        → Talysh: осмон
        → Baluchi: آسمان‎ (ásmán)
        → Gujarati: આસમાન (āsamān)
        → Kermanic:
        Vonishuni, Qohrudi, Kugbo, Hungworo: ā̊semūn
        Zefrehi: ā̊smū
        Kafroni: ā̊s(e)mā̊n
        Meymehi: āsɛmūn
        Soi: āsemūn
        → Hindi: आसमान (āsmān)
        → Punjabi: ਆਸਮਾਨ (āsamān)
        → Rajasthani: असमाण
        → Sindhi: آسمان‎ (āsmān)
        → Sivandi: āsemān
        → Urdu: آسمان‎ (āsmān)
- Parthian: (/āsmān/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫖𐫀𐫗‎ (ʾsmʾn)
  - ⇒ Parthian: (/āsmānag/, “of the sky”)
    Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (ʾsmʾng)
    - → Classical Persian: آسمانه‎ (āsmāna, “sky; floor; ceiling”)
      Dari: آسمانه‎ (āsmāna)
      
      Iranian Persian: آسمانه‎ (āsmāne)
      
      Tajik: осмона (osmona)
- Zaza-Gurani:
  - Gurani: ئاسمان‎ (āsmān)
  - Zazaki: azmên

References

Martínez García, Javier; de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎, Brill, →ISBN
MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

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[1] Martínez García, Javier; de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎, Brill, →ISBN

[2] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press