Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/bin-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *bîn-/*bân- (“to beget”).

Noun

*bin- m (plural *ban-)

son

Reconstruction notes

Testen reconstructs *bn-, with an initial consonant cluster, which accounts for the r forms in Aramaic and Modern South Arabian.

Inflection

Declension of *bin-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*binum

*bināna

*banūna

Genitive

*binim

*binayna

*banīna

Accusative

*binam

possessive forms

1st person

*binī / *binVya

—

*binVni

2nd person m

*binVka

*binVkumā / *binVkumay

*binVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*binVki

*binVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*binVšu

*binVšumā / *binVšumay

*binVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*binVša

*binVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *binuya for nom. case, *biniya for gen. case, *binaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *bin-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*binuka	*bināka	*banūka
Genitive	*binika	*binayka	*banīka
Accusative	*binaka	*binayka	*banīka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *bin-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*binuki	*bināki	*banūki
Genitive	*biniki	*binayki	*banīki
Accusative	*binaki	*binayki	*banīki

Derived terms

*bint- (“daughter”)

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒁉𒉏 (bīnum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: اِبْن‎ (ibn), بْن‎ (bn)
    - Hijazi Arabic: ابن‎ (ibin)
    - Maltese: iben
    - Moroccan Arabic: بن‎ (bin)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: בְּרָא‎ (bərā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܒ݁ܪܳܐ‎ (bərā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Ammonite: 𐤁𐤍‎ (bn)
      - Edomite: 𐤁𐤍‎ (bn)
      - Hebrew: בֵּן‎ (ben, bēn)
        Samaritan Hebrew: ࠁࠠ‎ࠍ‎ (ban)
      - Moabite: 𐤁𐤍‎ (bn)
      - Phoenician: 𐤁𐤍‎ (bn /bin/)
        Punic: 𐤁𐤍‎ (bn)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎁𐎐 (bn /binu/)

References

Huehnergard, John (2019), “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN
Testen, David (1985) "The Significance of Aramaic r < *n" Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 143-146.

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