< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/kinnār-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Hurro-Urartian *kinnar (“lyre”), if not the other way around. Compare Hurrian 𒇽𒆠𒅔𒈾𒊒𒄷𒇷 (^LÚki-in-na-ru-ḫu-li /kinnaruḫuli/, “musician”).[1]

Noun

*kinnār- m or f[2]

lyre, harp

Reconstruction notes

As a cultural item whose East Semitic reflexes may in fact be loans, this word's reconstruction to the level of Proto-Semitic is uncertain.

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *kinnār-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*kinnārum

*kinnārāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*kinnārim

*kinnārayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*kinnāram

possessive forms

1st person

*kinnārī / *kinnārVya

—

*kinnārVni

2nd person m

*kinnārVka

*kinnārVkumā / *kinnārVkumay

*kinnārVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*kinnārVki

*kinnārVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*kinnārVšu

*kinnārVšumā / *kinnārVšumay

*kinnārVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*kinnārVša

*kinnārVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kinnāruya for nom. case, *kinnāriya for gen. case, *kinnāraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kinnār-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kinnāruka	*kinnārāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*kinnārika	*kinnārayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*kinnāraka	*kinnārayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kinnār-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kinnāruki	*kinnārāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*kinnāriki	*kinnārayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*kinnāraki	*kinnārayki	plural stem + *-īki

Femenine:

Declension of *kinnār-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*kinnārum

*kinnārāna

*kinnārātum

Genitive

*kinnārim

*kinnārayna

*kinnārātim

Accusative

*kinnāram

possessive forms

1st person

*kinnārī / *kinnārVya

—

*kinnārVni

2nd person m

*kinnārVka

*kinnārVkumā / *kinnārVkumay

*kinnārVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*kinnārVki

*kinnārVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*kinnārVšu

*kinnārVšumā / *kinnārVšumay

*kinnārVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*kinnārVša

*kinnārVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kinnāruya for nom. case, *kinnāriya for gen. case, *kinnāraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kinnār-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kinnāruka	*kinnārāka	*kinnārātuka
Genitive	*kinnārika	*kinnārayka	*kinnārātika
Accusative	*kinnāraka	*kinnārayka	*kinnārātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kinnār-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kinnāruki	*kinnārāki	*kinnārātuki
Genitive	*kinnāriki	*kinnārayki	*kinnārātiki
Accusative	*kinnāraki	*kinnārayki	*kinnārātiki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Neo-Babylonian: 𒆠𒅔𒈾𒊒 (kinnārum) (potentially loaned from W. Sem.)
- Eblaite: 𒄀𒈾𒂗𒌝 (gi-na-ru₁₂-um), 𒄀𒈾𒊒 (gi-na-rúm /kinnāru(m)/)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: كِنَّارَة‎ (kinnāra)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Old Aramaic: 𐡊𐡍𐡓‎ (knr)
      
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: כִינָרָא‎ (kīnārā)
      
      Jewish Literary Aramaic: כִינָרָא‎ (kīnārā)
      - Mandaic: ࡊࡉࡍࡀࡓ‎ (kinar), ࡊࡉࡍࡀࡓࡀ‎ (kinara)
      - Classical Syriac: ܟܷ݁ܢܴ݁ܪܳܐ‎ (kennārā), ܟܐܢܪܐ‎ (kennārā)
        → Old Armenian: քնար (kʿnar)
        → Armenian: քնար (kʿnar) (learned)
        → Georgian: ქნარი (knari)
        → Middle Persian:
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (knʾl /kennār/)
        → Sanskrit: किंनरा (kiṃnarā), किन्नर (kinnara, “deity of divine music; divinized lyre”)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: כִּנּוֹר‎ (kinór, kinnôr)
        → Late Egyptian: knnr, kniwr
        Coptic: ⲕⲓⲛⲉⲣⲁ (kinera)
        → English: kinnor
        → Ancient Greek: κινύρᾱ (kinúrā)
        → Late Latin: cinyra
        Italian: cinira
        → Italian: kinnor
    - Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎐𐎗 (knr /kinnāru/), 𒀭𒄑𒆠𒈾𒀸 (^dGIŠ ki-na-ru₃ /kinnāru; deity of the lyre/)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: ክራር (krar), ከራር (kärar)
  - Ge'ez: ከሰረ (kissari)
→? Khotanese: [script needed] (tcaṃgiḍai, “stringed instrument”)
→? Parthian:
Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫗𐫗𐫃‎ (šnng /šang/)
→? Middle Persian: (“harp, lyre”) (or ← Middle Chinese 箏 (chˠɛŋ, “zither”)[3])
Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (cng /čang/)
- Classical Persian: چنگ‎ (čang)
  - → Arabic: جَنْك‎ (jank), جُنْك‎ (junk)
  - → Azerbaijani: çəng
  - → Burmese: စောင်း (caung:)
  - → Georgian: ჩანგი (čangi)
  - → Pashto: چنگ‎ (“čang”)
  - → Ottoman Turkish: چنگ‎ (çenk, çeng)
    - Turkish: çenk, çeng
- → Arabic: صَنْج‎ (ṣanj)
→? Sogdian: (“harp, lyre”) (or ← Turkic *čingar[4], though unattested)
Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫏𐫗𐫃𐫡𐫏𐫀‎ (cyngryʾ), 𐫝𐫗𐫃𐫡𐫏𐫀‎ (cngryʾ /čingaryā, čangaryā/)

References

Noonan, Benjamin J. (2019) Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact (Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic; 14), University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, →ISBN
Harry A., Hoffner Jr.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008) A Grammar of the Hittite Language‎, volume Part 1: Reference Grammar, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, page 57
Laufer, Berthold (1919) Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products (Fieldiana, Anthropology; 15), volume 3, Chicago: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, page 565
Gharib, B. (1995), “cyngryʾ”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 132

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