Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čula

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably substantized l-participle of an obsolete onomatopoeic verb *čuti (“to grump”) +‎ *-lъ, attested as Proto-Slavic *čьvati (“to bark, to harass”). Cognate (as per Bezlaj, Karaliūnas) with Lithuanian kiaũlė (“pig”).

Alternative proposals:

From grammatical *čuti (“to hear, to sense”) < Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive”) with semantic inversion senseful → deaf, silent.
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), associating the grumpy demeanour of the animal as a result of cautiousness (for hogs) or stealthiness (for owls).

Noun

*čula f

animal with low-pitch call or growl
→ hog (Western South Slavic)

→ owlet (Eastern South Slavic)

Alternative forms

*čulo n
*čulę (diminutive)

Inflection

Declension of *čula (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*čula	*čulě	*čuly
Accusative	*čulǫ	*čulě	*čuly
Genitive	*čuly	*čulu	*čulъ
Locative	*čulě	*čulu	čulasъ, čulaxъ^*
Dative	*čulě	*čulama	*čulamъ
Instrumental	čulojǫ, čulǫ^**	*čulama	*čulami
Vocative	*čulo	*čulě	*čuly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*čьvati, *ščьvati (“to bark, to slander, to harass”)
*čuxъ (“growl, sniffle”)
- ⇒ Bulgarian: чу́хал (čúhal, “scops owl”) (hooting bird)
- ⇒ Russian: чу́ха (čúxa, “pig”) (sniffing, growling animal)
*skuka (“boredom”)

Descendants

South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: чу́ла (čúla, “owl”), чуло́ (čuló, “owlet”) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)
  Cyrillic: чу̏ла (“owl”)
  
  Latin: čȕla (“owl”)
- Slovene: čúla (“hog”) (tonal orthography) (dialectal)
  - ⇒ Slovene: čȗlək (tonal orthography)