< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gǫstъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Commonly derived from some enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to squeeze”). Proposed exact etymologies:
- Fraenkel: Possibly directly from *gom- + *-stъ, akin to Latvian guosts (“multitude”), Lithuanian gąstùs (“rich, wealthy”) (from an earlier ganstùs).
- Vasmer, Machek: From an earlier *gǫt- + *-tъ, related to the more rare Proto-Slavic *gǫtьnъ (“dense”) (whence Czech, Slovak hutný).
- Berneker: From an earlier *gn̥ĝ-to-, a perfect passive participle of Proto-Indo-European *genǵ- (“to lump”), akin to Proto-Slavic *gǫžь (“bundle”), Lithuanian gunžỹs (“clump of fodder”), Ancient Greek γογγύλος (gongúlos, “spherical”). Possibly further related to Lithuanian gùnga (“hump, hunchback, clump”), Albanian gungë (“hump”).
Inflection
Accent paradigm c.
Indefinite declension of *gǫstъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *gǫstъ | *gǫsta | *gǫsto |
| Accusative | *gǫstъ | *gǫstǫ | *gǫsto |
| Genitive | *gǫsta | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| Locative | *gǫstě | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| Dative | *gǫstu | *gǫstě | *gǫstu |
| Instrumental | *gǫstomь | *gǫstojǫ | *gǫstomь |
| Vocative | *gǫste | *gǫsto | *gǫsto |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| Accusative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| Genitive | *gǫstu | *gǫstu | *gǫstu |
| Locative | *gǫstu | *gǫstu | *gǫstu |
| Dative | *gǫstoma | *gǫstama | *gǫstoma |
| Instrumental | *gǫstoma | *gǫstama | *gǫstoma |
| Vocative | *gǫsta | *gǫstě | *gǫstě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gǫsti | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| Accusative | *gǫsty | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
| Genitive | *gǫstъ | *gǫstъ | *gǫstъ |
| Locative | *gǫstěxъ | *gǫstaxъ | *gǫstěxъ |
| Dative | *gǫstomъ | *gǫstamъ | *gǫstomъ |
| Instrumental | *gǫsty | *gǫstami | *gǫsty |
| Vocative | *gǫsti | *gǫsty | *gǫsta |
Definite declension of *gǫstъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstaja | *gǫstoje |
| Accusative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstǫjǫ | *gǫstoje |
| Genitive | *gǫstajego | *gǫstyję | *gǫstajego |
| Locative | *gǫstějemь | *gǫstěji | *gǫstějemь |
| Dative | *gǫstujemu | *gǫstěji | *gǫstujemu |
| Instrumental | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstǫjǫ | *gǫstyjimi |
| Vocative | *gǫstъjь | *gǫstaja | *gǫstoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| Accusative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| Genitive | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju |
| Locative | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju | *gǫstuju |
| Dative | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima |
| Instrumental | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima | *gǫstyjima |
| Vocative | *gǫstaja | *gǫstěji | *gǫstěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *gǫstiji | *gǫstyję | *gǫstaja |
| Accusative | *gǫstyję | *gǫstyję | *gǫstaja |
| Genitive | *gǫstъjixъ | *gǫstъjixъ | *gǫstъjixъ |
| Locative | *gǫstyjixъ | *gǫstyjixъ | *gǫstyjixъ |
| Dative | *gǫstyjimъ | *gǫstyjimъ | *gǫstyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstyjimi | *gǫstyjimi |
| Vocative | *gǫstiji | *gǫstyję | *gǫstaja |
Derived terms
- *gǫstiti (“to condense, to compactify”)
- *gǫstežь (“grove”)
- *gǫstěti (sę) (“to thicken, to be dense”)
- *gǫstota, *gǫstyni (“density”)
- *gǫstostь, *gǫstina (“denseness, compactness”)
- *gǫščь, *gǫšča (“thicket”)
- *gǫščarъ, *gǫščina (“grove”)
- *gǫstakъ (“thicket, bush”)
- *gǫstъkъ (“cramped, tight”)
Related terms
- *žęti (“to press”)
- *gomota (“condense matter”)
- *gomoľь, *gomoľa (“clump”)
- *gǫčь (“desne state”)
- *gǫtьnъ (“dense”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “густо́й”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “густой”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 228
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gǫstъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 87
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “гъст”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 305
- “gąstus”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gǫ̑stъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183: “adj. o (c) ‘dense’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “gǫstъ gǫsta gǫsto”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c tæt (PR 138)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “gọst²”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gǫ̑stъ”
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