< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/zemľa
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
With epenthetic */l/ from earlier *zemja, from *zemь + *-ja, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źémē, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰðʰem- (given as *dʰǵʰ-em- in Derksen), the thorn-variant accusative singular of *dʰéǵʰōm.
Cognate with Lithuanian žẽmė (“earth”), Latvian zeme (“earth”), Old Prussian semmē (“earth”) ( = zemē, with s due to German orthography), Lithuanian žẽmas (“low”), Latvian zems (“low”), Avestan 𐬰𐬃 (zā̊, “earth”), (acc. 𐬰𐬆𐬨 (zəm)), Sanskrit क्ष (kṣá, “earth”), Persian زمین (zamin, “earth”), Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn, “earth”), Hittite [script needed] (tēkan, “earth”) (gen. [script needed] (taknas)), Latin humus (“ground”), Ancient Greek χαμαί (khamaí, “on the ground”).
Declension
Declension of *zemľà (soft a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *zemľà | *zèmľi | *zemľę̇̀ |
| Accusative | *zemľǫ̀ | *zèmľi | *zemľę̇̀ |
| Genitive | *zemľę̇̀ | *zemľù | *zèmľь |
| Locative | *zemľì | *zemľù | *zemľàsъ, *zemľàxъ* |
| Dative | *zemľì | *zemľàma | *zemľàmъ |
| Instrumental | *zemľèjǫ, *zèmľǫ** | *zemľàma | *zemľàmī |
| Vocative | *zemľe | *zèmľi | *zemľę̇̀ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Declension of *zemľà (soft a-stem, accent paradigm c)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *zemľà | *zȅmľi | *zȅmľę̇ |
| Accusative | *zȅmľǫ | *zȅmľi | *zȅmľę̇ |
| Genitive | *zemľę̇́ | *zemľù | *zèmľь |
| Locative | *zȅmľī | *zemľù | *zemľàsъ, *zemľàxъ* |
| Dative | *zemľì | *zemľàma | *zemľàmъ |
| Instrumental | *zemľejǫ́ | *zemľàma | *zemľàmi |
| Vocative | *zemľe | *zȅmľi | *zȅmľę̇ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Related terms
Descendants
Further reading
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “земля́”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 323
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “земля”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*zemļà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 542: “f. jā (b/c) ‘earth, land’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “zemja zemjě”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (NA 93, 142; SA 71, 84, 140, 188, 199); b/c (PR 138) land, earth”
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