Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ge

• *-ga, *-ka, *-ke

*-ge

1. Suffix creates a new noun from a verb. [1]

   ‎*bil- (“to know”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*bilge (“wise, sage”)

   ‎*ȫ- (“to think of”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*ȫge (“adviser”)

   ‎*kïs- (“to squeeze”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*kïsga (“short (of distance)”)

   ‎*kob- (“an unknown verb”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*kobga (“pail, bucket”)

   ‎*tam- (“to burn, to kindle, to ignite”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*tamga (“brand (mark of ownership put on horses or cattle), seal, tamga”)

   ‎*abuč- (“an unknown verb”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*abučka (“old man, husband, uncle”)

   ‎*yōn- (“to adze, plane”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*yōnga (“wood chip”)

   ‎*ïsïr- (“to bite”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*ïsïrga (“earring”)

2. Suffix used to create animal names.

   ‎*čekürt- (“an onomatopoeic word”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*čekürtke (“grasshopper, locust”)

   ‎*bür- + ‎*-ge → ‎*bürge (“flea”)

   ‎*kumur- + ‎*-ge → ‎*kumursga (“ant”)

   ‎*k(i)arïnč- + ‎*-ge → ‎*k(i)arïnčga (“ant; tick”)

   ‎*kara (“black”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*karga (“crow”)

3. Suffix creates adverbs, adjectives and postpositions.

   ‎*bīr (“one”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*bīrge (“together, with, also”)

   ‎*ȫŕ (“self, -self”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*ȫŕge (“other”)

   ‎*baš (“head, beginning”) + ‎*-ge → ‎*bašga (“other, else”)

• Common Turkic:

• Clauson, Gerard (2002), “The Suffixes in Pre-Eighth Century Turkish”, in Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics, 2nd edition, London: RoutledgeCurzon, →ISBN, page 87
• Tekin, Talât (2000) Orhon Türkçesi Grameri [a Grammer of Orkhon Turkic (Turkish version)]‎ (in Turkish), Ankara, →ISBN, page 89-90