Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ka

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

*-ke

Suffix

*-ka

Suffix expressing the dative case.
‎*at (“horse”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*atka (“to a horse”)

Usage notes

If the word has one syllable and ends with a vowel, it takes the consonant *-n-. This also applies to all suffixes whose first letter is not an n or an m or a vowel.
‎*sẹ (“you”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*senke (“to you”)

Based on this criteria, only the pronouns *ben and *sen can take this ending.
The third person possessive suffix is taken without the letter -k-.
‎*anïŋ ebi (“his/her/its house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*anïŋ ebine (“to his/her/its house”)
Words with first person and second person possessive suffixes already end with m and ŋ. In such cases, k decreases.
‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋ (“your house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*sẹniŋ ebiŋe (“to your house”)

‎*bẹniŋ ebim (“my house”) + ‎*-ka → ‎*bẹniŋ ebime (“to my house”)

Related terms

*-ni (“accusative case”)
*-niŋ (“genitive case”)
*-de (“locative case”)
*-den (“ablative case”)
*-meŕ (“present tense negative”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Bulgar: نَ-‎ (-ne, -na)
  - Chuvash: -на (-na)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: -a, -ya
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Turkish: -a, -ya
Karluk:
- Uzbek: -ga
Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: -га (-ga)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰀-‎ (-ke)
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: -га (-ga), -гэ (-ge), -ка (-ka), -кэ (-ke), -ҕа (-ğa), -ҕэ (-ğe)

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