paha
Bikol Central
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha, borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*bāga-), from Proto-Germanic *bēgaz.
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | paha | pahad |
| accusative | paha | pahad |
| genitive | paha | pahade |
| partitive | paha | pahu pahasid |
| illative | pahha pahasse |
pahadesse pahusse |
| inessive | pahas | pahades pahus |
| elative | pahast | pahadest pahust |
| allative | pahale | pahadele pahule |
| adessive | pahal | pahadel pahul |
| ablative | pahalt | pahadelt pahult |
| translative | pahaks | pahadeks pahuks |
| terminative | pahani | pahadeni |
| essive | pahana | pahadena |
| abessive | pahata | pahadeta |
| comitative | pahaga | pahadega |
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑɦɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
- Syllabification(key): pa‧ha
Adjective
Declension
| Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | paha | pahat | |
| genitive | pahan | pahojen | |
| partitive | pahaa | pahoja | |
| illative | pahaan | pahoihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | paha | pahat | |
| accusative | nom. | paha | pahat |
| gen. | pahan | ||
| genitive | pahan | pahojen pahainrare | |
| partitive | pahaa | pahoja | |
| inessive | pahassa | pahoissa | |
| elative | pahasta | pahoista | |
| illative | pahaan | pahoihin | |
| adessive | pahalla | pahoilla | |
| ablative | pahalta | pahoilta | |
| allative | pahalle | pahoille | |
| essive | pahana | pahoina | |
| translative | pahaksi | pahoiksi | |
| instructive | — | pahoin | |
| abessive | pahatta | pahoitta | |
| comitative | — | pahoine | |
| Possessive forms of paha (type kala) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
Declension
| Inflection of paha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | paha | — | ||
| genitive | pahan | — | ||
| partitive | pahaa | — | ||
| illative | pahaan | — | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | paha | — | ||
| accusative | nom. | paha | — | |
| gen. | pahan | |||
| genitive | pahan | — | ||
| partitive | pahaa | — | ||
| inessive | pahassa | — | ||
| elative | pahasta | — | ||
| illative | pahaan | — | ||
| adessive | pahalla | — | ||
| ablative | pahalta | — | ||
| allative | pahalle | — | ||
| essive | pahana | — | ||
| translative | pahaksi | — | ||
| instructive | — | — | ||
| abessive | pahatta | — | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
| Possessive forms of paha (type kala) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
- mielipaha
- pahaenteinen
- pahahenki
- pahainen
- pahanilkinen
- pahankurinen
- pahanlaatuinen
- pahanmakuinen
- pahanpäiväinen
- pahanpäiväisesti
- pahansisuinen
- pahansuopa
- pahantekijä
- pahanteko
- pahantuulinen
- pahaputki
- pahasti
- pahastua
- pahe
- paheksua
- pahennus
- pahentaa
- pahentua
- paheta
- pahis
- pahoillaan
- pahoin
- pahoinpitely
- pahoinvointi
- pahoitella
- pahoittaa
- paholainen
- pahus
- pahuus
Hawaiian
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle
paha
- Used to indicate the conditional mood, expressed in English as perhaps, might, possibly
Usage notes
Follows the word it modifies.
Usage notes
The verb (and its modifying particles) go between ā and paha.
Indonesian
Etymology
From Malay paha, from Proto-Malayic *paha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpaha/
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
- Rhymes: -ha, -a
Noun
paha (first-person possessive pahaku, second-person possessive pahamu, third-person possessive pahanya)
Derived terms
- memaha
- sepaha
- paha belalang
Further reading
- “paha” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
Declension
| Declension of paha (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | paha | pahat |
| genitive | pahan | pahhoin |
| partitive | pahhaa | pahoja |
| illative | pahhaa | pahhoi |
| inessive | pahas | pahois |
| elative | pahast | pahoist |
| allative | pahalle | pahoille |
| adessive | pahal | pahoil |
| ablative | pahalt | pahoilt |
| translative | pahaks | pahoiks |
| essive | pahanna, pahhaan | pahoinna, pahhoin |
| exessive1) | pahant | pahoint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Antonyms
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 371
Karelian
| North Karelian (Viena) |
paha |
|---|---|
| South Karelian (Tver) |
paha |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
Adjective
paha (genitive pahan, partitive pahua, comparative pahempi or pahembi, superlative pahemmin)
Declension
| Viena Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | paha | pahat | |
| genitive | pahan | pahojen | |
| partitive | pahua | pahoja | |
| illative | pahah | pahoih | |
| inessive | pahašša | pahoissa | |
| elative | pahašta | pahoista | |
| adessive | pahalla | pahoilla | |
| ablative | pahalta | pahoilta | |
| translative | pahakši | pahoiksi | |
| essive | pahana | pahoina | |
| comitative | — | pahoineh | |
| comitative | pahatta | pahoitta | |
| Tver Karelian declension of paha (type 4/kala no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | paha | pahat | |
| genitive | pahan | pahoin | |
| partitive | pahua | pahoida | |
| illative | pahah | pahoih | |
| inessive | pahašša | pahoissa | |
| elative | pahašta | pahoista | |
| adessive | pahalla | pahoilla | |
| ablative | pahalda | pahoilda | |
| translative | pahakši | pahoiksi | |
| essive | pahana | pahoina | |
| comitative | pahanke | pahoinke | |
| comitative | pahatta | pahoitta | |
| Possessive forms of paha | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | pahani | |
| 2nd person | pahaš | |
| 3rd person | pahah | |
| *) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses. | ||
References
- A. V. Punzhina (1994), “paha”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
- P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN
Livvi
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
- Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
Declension
| Declension of paha (Type 1/griba, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | paha | pahat |
| genitive | pahan | pahoin |
| partitive | pahua | pahoi |
| illative | pahah | pahoih |
| inessive | pahas | pahois |
| elative | pahaspäi | pahoispäi |
| allative | pahale | pahoile |
| adessive | pahal | pahoil |
| ablative | pahalpäi | pahoilpäi |
| translative | pahakse | pahoikse |
| essive | pahannu | pahoinnu |
| abessive | pahattah | pahoittah |
| comitative | pahanke | pahoinke |
| instructive | pahoin | |
| prolative | pahači | |
References
- Tatjana Boiko (2019), “paha”, in Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 198
Malay
Alternative forms
- peha (common nonstandard spelling)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /paha/
- (Johor-Riau) IPA(key): [pəhə]
- Rhymes: -aha, -ha, -a
Etymology 1
From Proto-Malayic *paha, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paqa, from Proto-Austronesian *paqa. Cognate with Tagalog paa (“foot”).
Noun
paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)
- thigh (upper leg)
- Paha ayam
- Chicken thigh
- Paha manusia
- Human thigh
Descendants
- Indonesian: paha
Noun
paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)
- (archaic, mathematics) a fourth, a quarter
Noun
paha (Jawi spelling ڤها, plural paha-paha, informal 1st possessive pahaku, 2nd possessive pahamu, 3rd possessive pahanya)
Further reading
- “paha” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Tagalog
Pronunciation
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
- IPA(key): /ˈpaha/, [ˈpa.hɐ]
Noun
paha (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜑ)
Pronunciation
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
- IPA(key): /ˈpaha/, [ˈpa.hɐ]
References
- “paha”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2018
Turkish
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish بها (baha, paha), from Persian بها.
Declension
| Inflection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Nominative | paha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite accusative | pahayı | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | paha | pahalar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite accusative | pahayı | pahaları | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dative | pahaya | pahalara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | pahada | pahalarda | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ablative | pahadan | pahalardan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | pahanın | pahaların | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha. Cognates include Finnish paha.
Inflection
| Inflection of paha (inflection type 5/sana) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative sing. | paha | ||
| genitive sing. | pahan | ||
| partitive sing. | pahad | ||
| partitive plur. | pahoid | ||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | paha | pahad | |
| accusative | pahan | pahad | |
| genitive | pahan | pahoiden | |
| partitive | pahad | pahoid | |
| essive-instructive | pahan | pahoin | |
| translative | pahaks | pahoikš | |
| inessive | pahas | pahoiš | |
| elative | pahaspäi | pahoišpäi | |
| illative | pahaze | pahoiže | |
| adessive | pahal | pahoil | |
| ablative | pahalpäi | pahoilpäi | |
| allative | pahale | pahoile | |
| abessive | pahata | pahoita | |
| comitative | pahanke | pahoidenke | |
| prolative | pahadme | pahoidme | |
| approximative I | pahanno | pahoidenno | |
| approximative II | pahannoks | pahoidennoks | |
| egressive | pahannopäi | pahoidennopäi | |
| terminative I | pahazesai | pahoižesai | |
| terminative II | pahalesai | pahoilesai | |
| terminative III | pahassai | — | |
| additive I | pahazepäi | pahoižepäi | |
| additive II | pahalepäi | pahoilepäi | |
Derived terms
References
- Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “вредный, гадкий, недобрый, отвратительный”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *paha.
Pronunciation
- (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈpɑhɑ/, [ˈpɑhɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑhɑ
- Hyphenation: pa‧ha
Inflection
| Declension of paha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | paha | pahad |
| genitive | paha | pahoje, pahojõ, pahoi |
| partitive | pahha | pahoitõ, pahoi |
| illative | pahha, pahhasõ | pahoje, pahojõ, pahoisõ |
| inessive | pahaz | pahoiz |
| elative | pahassõ | pahoissõ |
| allative | pahalõ | pahoilõ |
| adessive | pahallõ | pahoillõ |
| ablative | pahaltõ | pahoiltõ |
| translative | pahassi | pahoissi |
| *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. | ||
References
- V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “paha”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn