How do I subtract one list from another?

Question

I want to take the difference between lists x and y:

>>> x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> y = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]  
>>> x - y
# should return [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

Answer 1

Use a list comprehension to compute the difference while maintaining the original order from x:

[item for item in x if item not in y]

---

If you don't need list properties (e.g. ordering), use a set difference, as the other answers suggest:

list(set(x) - set(y))

---

To allow x - y infix syntax, override __sub__ on a class inheriting from list:

class MyList(list):
    def __init__(self, *args):
        super(MyList, self).__init__(args)

    def __sub__(self, other):
        return self.__class__(*[item for item in self if item not in other])

Usage:

x = MyList(1, 2, 3, 4)
y = MyList(2, 5, 2)
z = x - y   

Answer 2

Use set difference

>>> z = list(set(x) - set(y))
>>> z
[0, 8, 2, 4, 6]

Or you might just have x and y be sets so you don't have to do any conversions.

Answer 3

if duplicate and ordering items are problem :

[i for i in a if not i in b or b.remove(i)]

a = [1,2,3,3,3,3,4]
b = [1,3]
result: [2, 3, 3, 3, 4]

Answer 4

That is a "set subtraction" operation. Use the set data structure for that.

In Python 2.7:

x = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0}
y = {1,3,5,7,9}
print x - y

Output:

>>> print x - y
set([0, 8, 2, 4, 6])

Answer 5

For many use cases, the answer you want is:

ys = set(y)
[item for item in x if item not in ys]

This is a hybrid between aaronasterling's answer and quantumSoup's answer.

aaronasterling's version does len(y) item comparisons for each element in x, so it takes quadratic time. quantumSoup's version uses sets, so it does a single constant-time set lookup for each element in x—but, because it converts both x and y into sets, it loses the order of your elements.

By converting only y into a set, and iterating x in order, you get the best of both worlds—linear time, and order preservation.*

---

However, this still has a problem from quantumSoup's version: It requires your elements to be hashable. That's pretty much built into the nature of sets.** If you're trying to, e.g., subtract a list of dicts from another list of dicts, but the list to subtract is large, what do you do?

If you can decorate your values in some way that they're hashable, that solves the problem. For example, with a flat dictionary whose values are themselves hashable:

ys = {tuple(item.items()) for item in y}
[item for item in x if tuple(item.items()) not in ys]

If your types are a bit more complicated (e.g., often you're dealing with JSON-compatible values, which are hashable, or lists or dicts whose values are recursively the same type), you can still use this solution. But some types just can't be converted into anything hashable.

---

If your items aren't, and can't be made, hashable, but they are comparable, you can at least get log-linear time (O(N*log M), which is a lot better than the O(N*M) time of the list solution, but not as good as the O(N+M) time of the set solution) by sorting and using bisect:

ys = sorted(y)
def bisect_contains(seq, item):
    index = bisect.bisect(seq, item)
    return index < len(seq) and seq[index] == item
[item for item in x if bisect_contains(ys, item)]

---

If your items are neither hashable nor comparable, then you're stuck with the quadratic solution.

---

_{* Note that you could also do this by using a pair of OrderedSet objects, for which you can find recipes and third-party modules. But I think this is simpler.}

_{** The reason set lookups are constant time is that all it has to do is hash the value and see if there's an entry for that hash. If it can't hash the value, this won't work.}

Answer 6

If the lists allow duplicate elements, you can use Counter from collections:

from collections import Counter
result = list((Counter(x)-Counter(y)).elements())

If you need to preserve the order of elements from x:

result = [ v for c in [Counter(y)] for v in x if not c[v] or c.subtract([v]) ]

Answer 7

The other solutions have one of a few problems:

1. They don't preserve order, or
2. They don't remove a precise count of elements, e.g. for x = [1, 2, 2, 2] and y = [2, 2] they convert y to a set, and either remove all matching elements (leaving [1] only) or remove one of each unique element (leaving [1, 2, 2]), when the proper behavior would be to remove 2 twice, leaving [1, 2], or
3. They do O(m * n) work, where an optimal solution can do O(m + n) work

Alain was on the right track with Counter to solve #2 and #3, but that solution will lose ordering. The solution that preserves order (removing the first n copies of each value for n repetitions in the list of values to remove) is:

from collections import Counter

x = [1,2,3,4,3,2,1]  
y = [1,2,2]  
remaining = Counter(y)

out = []
for val in x:
    if remaining[val]:
        remaining[val] -= 1
    else:
        out.append(val)
# out is now [3, 4, 3, 1], having removed the first 1 and both 2s.

Try it online!

To make it remove the last copies of each element, just change the for loop to for val in reversed(x): and add out.reverse() immediately after exiting the for loop.

Constructing the Counter is O(n) in terms of y's length, iterating x is O(n) in terms of x's length, and Counter membership testing and mutation are O(1), while list.append is amortized O(1) (a given append can be O(n), but for many appends, the overall big-O averages O(1) since fewer and fewer of them require a reallocation), so the overall work done is O(m + n).

You can also test for to determine if there were any elements in y that were not removed from x by testing:

remaining = +remaining  # Removes all keys with zero counts from Counter
if remaining:
    # remaining contained elements with non-zero counts

Answer 8

Looking up values in sets are faster than looking them up in lists:

[item for item in x if item not in set(y)]

I believe this will scale slightly better than:

[item for item in x if item not in y]

Both preserve the order of the lists.

Answer 9

We can use set methods as well to find the difference between two list

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
y = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
list(set(x).difference(y))
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

Answer 10

Let:

>>> xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> ys = [1, 3, 3]  

Keep each unique item only once   xs - ys == {2, 4}

Take the set difference:

>>> set(xs) - set(ys)
{2, 4}

Remove all occurrences   xs - ys == [2, 4, 2]

>>> [x for x in xs if x not in ys]
[2, 4, 2]

If ys is large, convert only¹ ys into a set for better performance:

>>> ys_set = set(ys)
>>> [x for x in xs if x not in ys_set]
[2, 4, 2]

Only remove same number of occurrences   xs - ys == [2, 4, 2, 1]

from collections import Counter, defaultdict

def diff(xs, ys):
    counter = Counter(ys)
    for x in xs:
        if counter[x] > 0:
            counter[x] -= 1
            continue
        yield x

>>> list(diff(xs, ys))
[2, 4, 2, 1]

---

¹ Converting xs to set and taking the set difference is unnecessary (and slower, as well as order-destroying) since we only need to iterate once over xs.

Answer 11

Try this.

def subtract_lists(a, b):
    """ Subtracts two lists. Throws ValueError if b contains items not in a """
    # Terminate if b is empty, otherwise remove b[0] from a and recurse
    return a if len(b) == 0 else [a[:i] + subtract_lists(a[i+1:], b[1:]) 
                                  for i in [a.index(b[0])]][0]

>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]
>>> y = [1,3,5,7,9]
>>> subtract_lists(x,y)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 0]
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,9]
>>> subtract_lists(x,y)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 0, 9]     #9 is only deleted once
>>>

Answer 12

The answer provided by @aaronasterling looks good, however, it is not compatible with the default interface of list: x = MyList(1, 2, 3, 4) vs x = MyList([1, 2, 3, 4]). Thus, the below code can be used as a more python-list friendly:

class MyList(list):
    def __init__(self, *args):
        super(MyList, self).__init__(*args)

    def __sub__(self, other):
        return self.__class__([item for item in self if item not in other])

Example:

x = MyList([1, 2, 3, 4])
y = MyList([2, 5, 2])
z = x - y

Answer 13

from collections import Counter

y = Counter(y)
x = Counter(x)

print(list(x-y))

Answer 14

list1 = ['a', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'k'] 
list2 = ['a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] 
for e in list1: 
    try: 
        list2.remove(e) 
    except ValueError: 
        print(f'{e} not in list') 
list2 
# ['a', 'a', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

This will change list2. if you want to protect list2 just copy it and use the copy of list2 in this code.

Answer 15

This example subtracts two lists:

# List of pairs of points
list = []
list.append([(602, 336), (624, 365)])
list.append([(635, 336), (654, 365)])
list.append([(642, 342), (648, 358)])
list.append([(644, 344), (646, 356)])
list.append([(653, 337), (671, 365)])
list.append([(728, 13), (739, 32)])
list.append([(756, 59), (767, 79)])

itens_to_remove = []
itens_to_remove.append([(642, 342), (648, 358)])
itens_to_remove.append([(644, 344), (646, 356)])

print("Initial List Size: ", len(list))

for a in itens_to_remove:
    for b in list:
        if a == b :
            list.remove(b)

print("Final List Size: ", len(list))

Answer 16

def listsubtraction(parent,child):
    answer=[]
    for element in parent:
        if element not in child:
            answer.append(element)
    return answer

I think this should work. I am a beginner so pardon me for any mistakes