List of historical separatist movements
This is a list of historical separatist movements around the world. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. Most separatist movements do not succeed in their goal, therefore only notable ones are listed here; however, not all listed here succeeded in their goal.
Africa
Algeria
(To Gain independence from Algeria on July 5, 1962)
- Political party: Mouvement D'Auto-Détermination De la Kabylie (MAK)
- Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale is calling for its dissolution. The French is describing it as a terrorist movement.
- Parallel government: Provisional
Angola
- Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
- Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)
Botswana
- Political party: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana People's Party (BPP)
Burundi
- Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)
Martyazo
- Rebel organisation: Hutu
Cameroon
- Political party: Rassemblement camerounais (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
- Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun (ALNK)
Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau
- Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (FLING)
Central African Republic
- Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)
Côte d'Ivoire
- Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (MPCI)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO
Katanga
- Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)
Egypt
- Political party: Wafd Party
Eritrea
- Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)
France (associated territories)
- Autonomist movement
- Political party: Communist Party of Réunion (which still exists, but has abandoned its goal of autonomy)[1]
Ghana
- Political party: Convention People's Party (CPP), United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
- Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation
Kenya
- Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
- Rebel organization: Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA or Mau Mau)
Mali
- Political party: Sudanese Union (US)
Mauritius
- Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)
Morocco
- Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc
Mozambique
- Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)
Namibia
- Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
- Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN),
Niger
- Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba
Nigeria
- Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
- Secessionist entity: Republic of Biafra
São Tomé and Príncipe
- Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP), Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP)
Seychelles
- Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP)
Sierra Leone
- Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), West African Youth League (WAYL)
Somalia
- Political party: Somali Youth League (SYL)
Somaliland
- Rebel organization: Somali National Movement (SNM)
South Africa
- Secessionist movement: Eastern Cape Separatist League
Sudan
- Political party: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party
Tanganyika
- Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union
Zanzibar
- Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)
Tunisia
- Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour (ND)
Uganda
- Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress (UPC)
Zambia
- Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)
Zimbabwe
- Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
- Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)
Asia
Bangladesh
- People: Jumma people
- Political party: Porbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti
- Rebel organisation: Shanti Bahini
- Proposed state: Autonomous Hill Tribes
- Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
- People: Bengali Hindus
- Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
- Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
- Proposed State: Bangabhumi
China
- De facto state:
Chinese Soviet Republic
- Political party: Chinese Communist Party
- Armed organization: Chinese Red Army
- Proposed state:
People's Republic of China
- Political party: Chinese Communist Party
- De facto state:
Great Mongolian State
- Political organization: Bogd Khanate
- Proposed state:
Mongolian People's Republic
- Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Cyprus
- Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation
France (associated territories)
- Proposed state:
Kingdom of Cambodia
- Political organization: Khmer Issarak
- Proposed state:
Laos
- Militant organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao
- Proposed state:
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
- Political organization: Viet Minh
- Political organization: National Bloc
India
- People: Sikh
- Militant organisation: Khalistan Liberation Force, Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force
- Proposed state: Khalistan
- Status: Separatist movement crushed
- People: Tripuri
- Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force
- Proposed state: Tipperaland
- Status: Separatist movement crushed
- People: Garo, Khasi
- Militant organisation: Garo National Liberation Army, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
- Proposed state: Garoland, Hynniewtrep
- Status: Separatist movement crushed
- People: Bodo
- Militant organisation: National Democratic Front of Boroland
- Proposed state: Boroland
- Status: Separatist groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
- People: Karbi
- Militant organisation: Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front, United People's Democratic Solidarity
- Proposed state: Hemprek Kangthim
- Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
- People: Dimasa
- Militant organisation: Dima Halam Daogah
- Proposed state: Dimaraji
- Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
- People: Tani
- Militant organisation: National Liberation Council of Taniland
- Proposed state: Taniland
- Status: Separatist movement crushed
Indonesia
- Proposed state:
Aceh
- Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement
- Proposed state:
Timor-Leste
- Political party: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor
Netherlands (associated territories)
- Proposed state:
Republic of Indonesia
- Political party: Nationalist Party of Indonesia
Oman
- Militant organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (PFLOAG)
Pakistan
- People: Bengalis (East Pakistanis)
- Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
- Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
- De facto state:
People's Republic of Bangladesh
- Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Philippines
Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu Islands, and Palawan)
- Proposed state:
Bangsamoro Republik (MNLF)
- Political organization: Moro National Liberation Front
- Militant organization: Bangsamoro Armed Forces
- Proposed state: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (originally for independence)
- Political organization: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
- Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces
Spain (associated territories)
- Philippine archipelago
- Secessionist entities:
Katagalugan,
Republic of the Philippines,
Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga
- Militant organization: Katipunan
- Society: La Liga Filipina
- Ilocos
- Secessionist state:
Free Ilocos
- Secessionist state:
- Secessionist entities:
Sri Lanka
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Political party: Tamil National Alliance
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
- Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[2]
Turkey
- Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party)
- Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
United Kingdom (associated territories)
- Political organization: Dobama Asiayone
- Militant organization: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Burma Independence Army, Communist Party of Burma
- Proposed state:
India
- Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
- Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
- Rebel organization: Indian National Army
- Proposed state:
Federation of Malaya
- Political party: Alliance Party (United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association, and Malayan Indian Congress)
- Ethnic groups: Penangites, Penangite Chinese
- Proposed state:
Penang
- Organization: Penang Chamber of Commerce[5]
United States (associated territories)
Commonwealth of the Philippines
- Political party: Nacionalista Party
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Philippines
- Ethnic group: Maranao
- Proposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions. (See Dansalan Declaration)
Europe
Albania
Belgium
- Political parties
- Flemish
Bulgaria
- Political party: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organisation
Czech Republic
- Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party
Finland
- Political movement: Fennoman
- Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
Åland Islands
- Political movement: Åland movement
France
Basque Country (also in Spain)
- Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
- Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
Corsica
- Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
Brittany
- Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
- Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
Alsace
- Political parties : Alsace d'abord *
Germany
- Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
- Lower Saxony
- Alemannic Separatism
- Bavarian Soviet Republic
Saarland
- Political parties: Christian People's Party of Saarland, Social Democratic Party of Saarland[6]
- Goals: De facto independence of Saarland under status of a European territory, acceptance of the Saar statute
Greece
(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)
- Society: Filiki Eteria
- Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
- Militant organisations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy
Ireland
(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)
North Macedonia
- Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia
- Ethnic group: Albanians
- Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
- Goals: Autonomy (1994–99), independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo (2000–01)
- Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
- Timespan: 1994–2001
- Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia
- Ethnic group: Serbs
- Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
- Goals: Autonomy (Serbian Autonomous Region of Kumanovo Valley and Skopska Crna Gora)[7]
- Timespan: 1992
Ottoman Empire
- Ethnic group: Greeks
- Organization: Filiki Eteria
- Ethnic group: Serbs
- Organization: Serbian rebels
- Ethnic group: Bulgarians
- Organization: Bulgarian revolutionaries, Opalchentsi
Poland
- Narodowa Demokracja
- Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
- Union of Upper Silesians
- Silesian People's Party
Russian Empire and Russian Provisional Government
Bashkortostan
- Krug for the Salvation of the Don
- Kuban Military Council
- Kuban Rada
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
- Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus
- Executive Committee
Slovakia
- Political party: Slovak National Party
Soviet Union
Spain
Basque Country (also in France)
- Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
- Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
Catalonia
- Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement, Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Reagrupament, National Front of Catalonia
- Rebel organizations: Terra Lliure (disbanded), Exèrcit Popular Català (disbanded)
- Organizations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural
- Labour unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
Galicia
- Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
Asturias
- Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
- Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
Canary Islands
- Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
- Organizations: MPAIAC
- Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches
United Kingdom
Cornwall: New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
Isle of Wight: Vectis National Party
Ireland: Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
Scotland: Scottish National Liberation Army
Wales: Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement
Isle of Man
Isle of Man: Fo Halloo, Manx National Party
Yugoslavia
Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)
- Ethnic group: Croats
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
- Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
- Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
- Goals: Independence
- Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)
- Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
- Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
- Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
- Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
- Goals: Larger autonomy (until 1989); Independence (1990–2003)
- Ethnic group: Albanians in southern Serbia
- Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
North America
Antigua and Barbuda
- Political party: Antigua Labour Party
Bahamas
- Abaco Islands
Political parties: Abaco Independence Movement (defunct)
- Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)
Barbados
- Proposed state: Lokono-Arawak Nation
- Political parties: United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP), Eagle Clan of Lokono-Arawaks (ECLA)[8][9]
- Militant organisation: Indigenous Democracy Defense Organization (IDDO)[10]
Belize
- Political party: People's United Party
British West Indies
- Political party: Caribbean League
- Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation
Autonomist
Acadia
- Political party: Parti Acadien
Cape Breton Island
- Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party
- the Maritimes
- Political party: the Maritimes
Ontario
- Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party
Quebec
- Political party: Action démocratique du Québec
Secessionist
- Nova Scotia
- Political: Anti-Confederation Party
- Ontario
- Political: Ontario Independence League, Northern Ontario Heritage Party
- Quebec
- Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
- Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire
- Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale (Quebec), Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec
- Western Canada
Costa Rica
- Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party
Dominica
- Political party: Dominica Labour Party
Autonomist
- Proposed state: Karifuna-Carib Nation
- Political parties: Kalinago Tribal Nation, United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) [11][12][13][14]
Haiti
- Cacos (anti-US occupation)
Jamaica
- Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party
- Proposed state: Accompong Town Maroon Community[15][16]
- Political organizations: Maroon Council[17]
Mexico
- Secessionist
Nicaragua
- Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)
Panama
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Carib Country (Black Carib indigenous communities north of the Rabacca River: Orange Hill, Overland, Sandy Bay, Point, Owia and Fancy) [18][19][20]
- Proposed state: Yurumein
- Former reservations:Old Sandy Bay, Petit Bonum, Morne Ronde, Lariki, Grieggs[21]
- Political parties: Campaign for the Development of the Carib Community(CDCC),[22][23] Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc (GIPSVG),[24] United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) [25]
Trinidad and Tobago
- Political party: People's National Movement
- Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People
United States
- American Revolution
- Aztlán
- Confederate States of America
- New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
- Republic of New Afrika
- State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)
- State of Muskogee, secessionist Florida territory (1799 - 1803)
- For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.
- Republic of West Florida
- Conch Republic
- Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
Puerto Rico
- Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement
Oceania
Australia
Tasmania[26] (See: Secessionism in Tasmania)
Western Australia (See: Secessionism in Western Australia)
Eastern New Guinea
- Proposed state: Papua
- Political party: Papua Besena
New Zealand
- Proposed autonomous region: New Munster
- Political parties: South Island Party
- Pressure group: Southern Separation League
- Protest movement: Mau movement
South America
Argentina
- Patagonia
- Proposed state:
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
- Proposed state:
Bolivia
- Media Luna
- Pressure Group: Nación Camba
Brazil
Minas Gerais
- Movement:
Inconfidência Mineira
- Movement:
Rio Grande do Sul
- Political party: Movimento da República Rio-Grandense
- Proposed state:
Riograndense Republic
Santa Catarina
- Political party: Frente de Libertação da República Catarinense
- Proposed state:
Juliana Republic
São Paulo
- Political party: Movimento República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1924 Paulista Revolt, 1887 Manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
- Proposed state:
Republic of São Paulo
- Parts of
Pernambuco,
Paraíba and
Ceará
- Proposed state:
Confederation of the Equator
- Proposed state:
Chile
- Araucanía
- Proposed state:
Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia
- Proposed state:
Colombia
- Parts of Andean Region
- Rebel organization:
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
- Secessionist entities: Marquetalia Republic and several other communist-oriented Independent Republics
- Rebel organization:
- Parts of Andean and
Caribbean regions
- Secessionist entities: Several provinces under leadership of Jefes Supremos
- Goals: Federalization of New Granada
Antioquia
- Pressure Group: Antioquia Rebelde (part of Medellin Cartel)
Arauca
- Secessionist entity: Republic of Arauca
Caribbean Region
- Pressure Group: Liga Costeña
- Cauca State
- Political Party: Liberal Party
- Goals: Annexation to Ecuador (1832), reforming the Grenadine Confederation (1860–1862)
- Parts of
Nariño and
Putumayo
- Rebel organization:
Royalist guerrillas (1822–1825)
- Pressure Group: Catholic clergy (1839–1842)
- Political party: Conservative Party (1860–1862)
- Goals: Restoring Spanish rule (1822–1825), annexation to Ecuador (1839–1842; 1860–1862)
- Rebel organization:
- Panama State
- Political Party: Liberal Party
- Secessionist entity: Isthmus State (1840–1841),
Republic of Panama (1903–)
Guyana
- Political party: People's Progressive Party
- Political party: People's National Congress
Spanish America
See also
References
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- Twin, Paul (2006). "Land Ownership and the Construction of Carib Identity in St. Vincent". In Forte, Maximilian Christian (ed.). Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival. New York, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 89–106. ISBN 978-0-8204-7488-5., Caribbean Organisation of Indigenous Peoples
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- Petrow, Stefan (2006). "Secession". utas.edu.au/. University of Tasmania, Australia - Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. Retrieved 3 December 2013.