List of historical separatist movements

This is a list of historical separatist movements around the world. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. Most separatist movements do not succeed in their goal, therefore only notable ones are listed here; however, not all listed here succeeded in their goal.

Africa

Algeria

(To Gain independence from Algeria on July 5, 1962)

  • Political party: Mouvement D'Auto-Détermination De la Kabylie (MAK)
  • Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale is calling for its dissolution. The French is describing it as a terrorist movement.
  • Parallel government: Provisional

Angola

Botswana

Burundi

Martyazo

  • Rebel organisation: Hutu

Cameroon

Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

Central African Republic

Côte d'Ivoire

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Katanga

Egypt

Eritrea

France (associated territories)

Autonomist movement

Ghana

Kenya

Mali

Mauritius

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Niger

Nigeria

São Tomé and Príncipe

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Somalia

Somaliland

South Africa

Sudan

Tanganyika

Zanzibar

Tunisia

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Asia

Bangladesh

China

Mainland China

Outer Mongolia

Cyprus

France (associated territories)

Indochina

Mandate of Syria

India

Indonesia

Aceh

Timor

Japan

Ezo

Maldives

Suvadives

Netherlands (associated territories)

Dutch East Indies

Oman

Dhofar

Pakistan

East Pakistan

Philippines

Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu Islands, and Palawan)

Spain (associated territories)

Spanish East Indies

Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamil people

Turkey

United Kingdom (associated territories)

Burma

India

Malaya

Penang[3][4]

United States (associated territories)

Commonwealth of the Philippines

Mindanao

  • Ethnic group: Maranao
  • Proposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions. (See Dansalan Declaration)

Europe

Albania

Belgium

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)

Ireland

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)

Italy

North Macedonia

Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia
Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia

Ottoman Empire

Poland

Russian Empire and Russian Provisional Government

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Bashkortostan

Belarus

Crimea

Don

  • Krug for the Salvation of the Don

Estonia

Finland

Georgia

Idel-Ural

North Ingermanland

Karelia

Kuban

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

  • Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus
  • Executive Committee

Poland

Transcaucasia

Ukraine

Slovakia

Soviet Union

Spain

United Kingdom

Isle of Man

Yugoslavia

Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)
Preševo Valley (SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)


North America

Antigua and Barbuda

Bahamas

Barbados

Culpepper Island

Belize

British West Indies

Autonomist

Secessionist

Costa Rica

Dominica

Autonomist

Kalinago Territory

Haiti

  • Cacos (anti-US occupation)

Jamaica

Leeward Maroons

Mexico

Secessionist

Nicaragua

  • Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

Panama

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Carib Country (Black Carib indigenous communities north of the Rabacca River: Orange Hill, Overland, Sandy Bay, Point, Owia and Fancy) [18][19][20]

  • Proposed state: Yurumein
  • Former reservations:Old Sandy Bay, Petit Bonum, Morne Ronde, Lariki, Grieggs[21]
  • Political parties: Campaign for the Development of the Carib Community(CDCC),[22][23] Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc (GIPSVG),[24] United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) [25]

Trinidad and Tobago

United States

Puerto Rico

  • Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement
Puerto Rican Independence Movement
Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

Oceania

Australia

Mainland Australia

Eastern New Guinea

New Zealand

South Island

Western Samoa

United Kingdom (associated territories)

Solomon Islands

South America

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Guyana

Peru

Spanish America

See also

References

  1. Cairn Article (in French) "De son côté, le parti communiste s’impose à La Réunion comme la principale formation politique après avoir abjuré son mot d’ordre d’autonomie"
  2. Peacehalle.com
  3. Webmaster, M. T. (2019-12-04). "Tan Sri Mohd Yussof shares story on the attempt to declare Penang independent of Malaya". Malaysia Today. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  4. Sopiee, Mohd. Noordin (March 1973). "The Penang Secession Movement, 1948–1951". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 52–71. doi:10.1017/S0022463400016416.
  5. Lyn, Koay Su (2017-03-17). "Penang: The Rebel State (Part Two) - Penang Monthly". penangmonthly.com. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  6. Jürgen Hannig: Die Saar 1945–1955 / La Sarre 1945–1955, Separatisten - Nationalisten? Zum Abstimmungskampf 1955, pp. 381–396, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1995, doi.org/10.1515/9783486829563-035 (German).
  7. Janusz Bugajski (1994). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe. p. 122. ISBN 9781563242823.
  8. "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  9. "THINGS BAJAN: Culpepper Island". NationNews Room. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  10. "New Global Entity Focused on Threats to the Security of Indigenous Tribal Nations Created * Last Real Indians Exclusive". NationNews. 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  11. "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  12. "When the Kalinago Tribal Nation of Dominica Stood up to the Powers That be and Won by Damon Corrie". Last Real Indians Room. 2021-10-12. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  13. "The Caribs of Dominica: Land Rights and Ethnic Consciousness". Cultural Survival. 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  14. "Meet the Kalinagos: Dominica offers Maroons, Ja Gov't model of mutual respect". Cultural Survival. 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  15. "Maroon Autonomy In Jamaica". Cultural Survival. 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  16. "A Maroon State in Formation: Sovereignty and State Effects in the Polity of Accompong". UC Davis. 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  17. "Maroons demand autonomy". UC Davis. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  18. "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions". Antigua Observer. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  19. "HEGEM ONY, CARIB HISTORY AND HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ST. VINCENT" (PDF). Antigua Observer. University College London. 2007. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  20. "CARIBS". Antigua Observer. Tripod.
  21. "1 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK CARIBS" (PDF). belize-glessimaresearch.org. Belize Glessima Research. August 1972. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  22. Twin, Paul (2006). "Land Ownership and the Construction of Carib Identity in St. Vincent". In Forte, Maximilian Christian (ed.). Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival. New York, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 89–106. ISBN 978-0-8204-7488-5., Caribbean Organisation of Indigenous Peoples
  23. "Land and Livelihoods among the Black Caribs of North-East St Vincent: Case studies of farming and cottage-based agro-processing". Antigua Observer. Caribbean Geography-Research Gate. September 2013. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  24. "Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc". GIPSVG. GIPSVG Inc.
  25. "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  26. Petrow, Stefan (2006). "Secession". utas.edu.au/. University of Tasmania, Australia - Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
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