धर्म

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰármas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold, to support”).

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /d̪ʱəɾm/
Rhymes: -əɾm

Noun

धर्म • (dharm) m (Urdu spelling دھرم‎)

religion, faith
हम किसी धर्म का तिरस्कार नहीं करना चाहते।
ham kisī dharm kā tiraskār nahī̃ karnā cāhte.
We do not want to disregard any religion.

धर्म हमारे समाज की रीढ़ है।
dharm hamāre samāj kī rīṛh hai.
Religion is the backbone of our society.

Synonym: मज़हब (mazhab)
virtue, righteousness; morality
हमारा नेता एक धर्म-स्तम्भ है।
hamārā netā ek dharm-stambh hai.
Our leader is a pillar of righteousness.
duty
तुम्हारी मृत्यु से पहले, अपना अन्तिम धर्म निभाना पड़ता।
tumhārī mŕtyu se pahle, apnā antim dharm nibhānā paṛtā.
Before your death, you must fulfill your duty.

Synonyms: कर्तव्य (kartavya), फर्ज़ (pharz)

Declension

Declension of धर्म (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	धर्म dharm	धर्म dharm
oblique	धर्म dharm	धर्मों dharmõ
vocative	धर्म dharm	धर्मो dharmo

Derived terms

अधर्म (adharm, “unrighteousness; irreligion”)
धर्मकार्य (dharmakārya, “religious rite or function”)
धर्मग्रंथ (dharmagranth, “religious scripture”)
धर्मतन्त्र (dharmatantra, “theocracy”)
धर्ममार्ग (dharmamārg, “the path of virtue”)
धर्मव्रती (dharmavratī, “duty-bound”)
धार्मिक (dhārmik, “religious”)
विधर्म (vidharm, “heresy”)

References

Bahri, Hardev (1989), “धर्म”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “धर्म”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰármas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold, to support”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̪ʱəɾ.mə/

Noun

धर्म • (dharma) m

religion

Declension

Declension of धर्म (dharma)
direct singular	धर्म dharma
direct plural	धर्म dharma
	singular	plural
nominative	धर्म dharma	धर्म dharma
oblique	धर्मा- dharmā-	धर्मां- dharmāN-
dative	धर्माला dharmālā	धर्मांना dharmāNnā
ergative	धर्माने dharmāne	धर्मांनी dharmāNni
instrumental	धर्माशी dharmāśi	धर्मांशी dharmāNśi
locative	धर्मात dharmāt	धर्मांत dharmāNt
vocative	धर्मा dharmā	धर्मांनो dharmāNno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Dative Note: -स (-sa) is archaic. -ते (-te) is limited to literary usage. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of धर्म
	masculine object		feminine object		neuter object		oblique
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular^*	plural
singular subject	धर्माचा dharmāċā	धर्माचे dharmāce	धर्माची dharmāci	धर्माच्या dharmāca	धर्माचे, धर्माचं dharmāce, dharmāċa	धर्माची dharmāci	धर्माच्या dharmāca
plural subject	धर्मांचा dharmāNċā	धर्मांचे dharmāNce	धर्मांची dharmāNci	धर्मांच्या dharmāNca	धर्मांचे, धर्मांचं dharmāNce, dharmāNċa	धर्मांची dharmāNci	धर्मांच्या dharmāNca
^* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

धर्मगुरू (dharmagurū, “priest”)
धर्मग्रंथ (dharmagrantha, “religious scriptures”)
धर्मनिरपेक्ष (dharmanirpekṣa, “secular”)
धर्मशाळा (dharmaśāḷā)
धार्मिक (dhārmik, “religious”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine, “धर्म”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Nepali

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d̪ʱʌ̤rmʌ]

Phonetic Devanagari: धर्म

Noun

धर्म • (dharma)

religion

Newar

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dʱəɾmə]

Noun

धर्म • (dharma) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩)

religion

Old Gujarati

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit धर्म (dhárma).

Noun

धर्म • (dharma) m

duty
dharma

Descendants

Gujarati: ધર્મ (dharma)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

ᬥᬃᬫ (Balinese script)
ধৰ্ম (Assamese script)
ধর্ম (Bengali script)
𑰠𑰨𑰿𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀥𑀭𑁆𑀫 (Brahmi script)
𑌧𑌰𑍍𑌮 (Grantha script)
ધર્મ (Gujarati script)
ਧਰੑਮ (Gurmukhi script)
ꦣꦂꦩ (Javanese script)
ធម៌ or ធម្ម៌ (Khmer script)
ಧರ್ಮ (Kannada script)
ຘຣ຺ມ (Lao script)
ധര്മ (Malayalam script)
𑘠𑘨𑘿𑘦 (Modi script)
ᢑᠾᠠᠷᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
ᢡᠠᡵᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
ဓရ်္မ (Burmese script)
𑧀𑧈𑧠𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 (Newa script)
ଧର୍ମ (Oriya script)
ꢤꢬ꣄ꢪ (Saurashtra script)
𑆣𑆫𑇀𑆩 (Sharada script)
𑖠𑖨𑖿𑖦 (Siddham script)
ධර්ම (Sinhalese script)
ధర్మ (Telugu script)
ธรฺม (Thai script)
དྷ་རྨ (Tibetan script)
𑒡𑒩𑓂𑒧 (Tirhuta script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰármas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰér-mos, from *dʰer- (“to hold, support”), whence English throne. Cognate with Latin firmus (“stable, strong”) (whence also English firm).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /dʱɐ́ɾ.mɐ/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈd̪ʱɐɾ.mɐ/

Noun

धर्म • (dhárma) m

morality, virtue, moral code, good deed, good works
that which is established or firm, steadfast decree, statute, ordinance, law
usage, practice, customary observance or prescribed conduct, duty
right, justice (often as a synonym of punishment)
religion, religious merit
Law or Justice personified
the law or doctrine of Buddhism
the ethical precepts of Buddhism
the law of Northern Buddhism
nature, character, peculiar condition or essential quality, property, mark, peculiarity
a particular ceremony
sacrifice
the ninth mansion
Upanishad
associating with the virtuous
religious abstraction, devotion
bow
Soma-drinker
name of the 15th अर्हत् (arhat) of the present अवसर्पिणी (ava-sarpiṇī)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of धर्म (dhárma)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	धर्मः dhármaḥ	धर्मौ dhármau	धर्माः / धर्मासः¹ dhármāḥ / dhármāsaḥ¹
Vocative	धर्म dhárma	धर्मौ dhármau	धर्माः / धर्मासः¹ dhármāḥ / dhármāsaḥ¹
Accusative	धर्मम् dhármam	धर्मौ dhármau	धर्मान् dhármān
Instrumental	धर्मेण dhármeṇa	धर्माभ्याम् dhármābhyām	धर्मैः / धर्मेभिः¹ dhármaiḥ / dhármebhiḥ¹
Dative	धर्माय dhármāya	धर्माभ्याम् dhármābhyām	धर्मेभ्यः dhármebhyaḥ
Ablative	धर्मात् dhármāt	धर्माभ्याम् dhármābhyām	धर्मेभ्यः dhármebhyaḥ
Genitive	धर्मस्य dhármasya	धर्मयोः dhármayoḥ	धर्माणाम् dhármāṇām
Locative	धर्मे dhárme	धर्मयोः dhármayoḥ	धर्मेषु dhármeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Related terms

धर्मन् (dhárman)
धर्मन् (dharmán)

Descendants

→ Balinese: ᬥᬃᬫ (darma, dharma)
→ Bengali: ধর্ম (dhormo)
→ Chinese: 達摩／达摩 (dámó)
→ Dhivehi: ދަރުމަ‎ (daruma)
→ Dutch: dharma
→ English: dharma
→ Gujarati: ધર્મ (dharma)
→ Hindi: धर्म (dharm)
→ Indonesian: darma, derma
→ Irish: darma
→ Italian: dharma
→ Japanese: 達磨, ダルマ, ダーマ
→ Javanese: ꦝꦂꦩ (dharma)
→ Kannada: ಧರ್ಮ (dharma)
→ Khmer: ធម៌ (tʰoa)
→ Korean: 달마 (dalma)
→ Lao: ທຳ (tham)
→ Marathi: धर्म (dharma)
→ Malay: derma (درما)
→ Mongolian: дарма (darma)
→ Nepali: धर्म (dharma)
Pali: dhamma
- → English: dhamma
- → French: dhamma
- → Burmese: ဓမ္မ (dhamma.)
→ Portuguese: darma
Punjabi: دَھرَم‎ (dharam) / ਧਰਮ (dharam)
→ Tamil: தருமம் (tarumam)
→ Telugu: ధర్మము (dharmamu)
→ Thai: ธรรม (tam)
→ Tibetan: ལྷ་ཆོས (lha chos)
→ Tocharian B: agradharma (with अग्र (agra))

References

Monier Williams (1899), “धर्म”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0510.

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