業
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Translingual
Han character
業 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿金廿木 (TCTD), four-corner 32904, composition ⿱业𦍎)
References
- KangXi: page 541, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15170
- Dae Jaweon: page 928, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1247, character 7
- Unihan data for U+696D
Chinese
| trad. | 業 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 业* | |
| alternative forms | 𤑽 ancient 𤎸 ancient 𪴨 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 業 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
Characters in the same phonetic series (業) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Various explanations exist:
- Pictogram (象形) – wooden frame from which bells hang, with horizontal and vertical beams and a sawtooth-shaped board on top
- Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 丵 + 大
- Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 丵 + 木
- Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋab) : semantic 丵 + abbreviated phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)
In the bronze inscriptions, the character sometimes contained two 業 and one 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) (the original form of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb)). These forms may have been phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋab) : semantic 業 (“wooden bell frame”) + abbreviated phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb).
Etymology
- work; achievement
- Etymology not clear.
Pronunciation
Definitions
業
- profession; business; trade
- merits and achievements; work
- course of study
- property; estate
- † lofty; large
- 戎車既駕，四牡業業。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Róng chē jì jià, sì mǔ yèyè. [Pinyin]
- His war carriage is yoked; The four steeds are lofty.
戎车既驾，四牡业业。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) already
- 修正「少年事件處理法部分條文」，業經總統於中華民國108年6月19日以華總一義字第10800062201號令公布。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 修正「少年事件處理法部分條文」，業經總統於中華民國108年6月19日以華總一義字第10800062201號令公布。, Judicial Yuan R.O.C., 19th June, 2019
- Xiūzhèng “shàonián shìjiàn chùlǐ fǎ bùfēn tiáowén”, yè jīng zǒngtǒng yú zhōnghuámínguó 108 nián 6 yuè 19 rì yǐ huázǒngyīyì zì dì 10800062201 hào lìng gōngbù. [Pinyin]
- Amended partial articles of Juvenile Justice Act have been already announced by The President with Decree No. 10800062201 of 華總一義字 on June 19, the 108th year of R.O.C. Era (2019).
修正“少年事件处理法部分条文”，业经总统于中华民国108年6月19日以华总一义字第10800062201号令公布。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Buddhism) karma
- to perform some type of job or work
- (historical) ornamental wooden board, carved into a sawtooth shape, on top of the horizontal beam of the frame on which bells, drums, and other instruments hang
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 已經 (“already”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 已, 業, 業已, 既 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 已經, 已, 業經, 業已, 已然 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 已經 |
| Taiwan | 已經 | |
| Jinan | 已經 | |
| Xi'an | 已經 | |
| Wuhan | 已經 | |
| Chengdu | 已經 | |
| Guilin | 已經 | |
| Yangzhou | 已經 | |
| Hefei | 已經 | |
| Singapore | 已經 | |
| Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 可價 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 已經, 經已 |
| Hong Kong | 已經, 經已 | |
| Taishan | 經已 | |
| Yangjiang | 應 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 已經 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 已經 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 既經 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 既經 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 既經, 已經 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 既經 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 既經 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 既經 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 已經 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 已經 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 已經 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 已經 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 已經 |
| Matsu | 已經 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 已經 |
| Quanzhou | 已經 | |
| Zhangzhou | 已經 | |
| Taipei | 已經 | |
| Kaohsiung | 已經 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 已經 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 已經 | |
| Chaozhou | 已經 | |
| Shantou | 已經 | |
| Jieyang | 已經 | |
| Pontianak (Teochew) | 已經 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 已經 |
| Wenzhou | 已經 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 現是, 已經 |
| Shuangfeng | 已經, 既已經 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 業
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References
- “業”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
Compounds containing 業
- 業因 (gōin), 業縁 (gōen, “(Buddhism) one's actions in life that affect one's karma”)
- 業果 (gōka, “(Buddhism) the results of one's karma”)
- 業火 (gōka, “hellfire”)
- 業海 (gōkai, “a metaphor for the world as a sea of sin”)
- 業界 (gyōkai, “industry, sector”)
- 業界誌 (gyōkai), 業界紙 (gyōkai, “an industry magazine, a trade paper, a business journal”)
- 業感 (gōkan, “(Buddhism) the joys and sorrows experienced as the results of one's karma”)
- 業感縁起 (gōkan engi, “(Buddhism) a doctrine in Hinayana Buddhism”)
- 業鬼 (gōki, “(Buddhism) a demon invited or created by sin”)
- 業々 (gyōgyō, “fearfully; splendidly”)
- 業苦 (gōku, “(Buddhism) karmic suffering: suffering experienced in this life due to the sins committed in a previous life”)
- 業垢 (gōku, “(Buddhism) evil acts born of sin”)
- 業根 (gōkon, “the root of sin, the ignorance and worldly desires that give rise to sin”)
- 業作 (gyōsa, “doing work”)
- 業曝 (gōsarashi), 業晒 (gōsarashi, “enduring shame in this life as karma for sins committed in a previous life; a no-good”)
- 業師 (wazashi, “a master of various techniques in sumo; a schemer; a shrewd person”)
- 業識 (gōshiki), 業識 (gosshiki, “(Buddhism) a consciousness born out of sin, or moved by ignorance”)
- 業者 (gyōsha, “a trader, a businessman/businesswoman, a dealer”)
- 業主 (gyōshu, “a business owner”)
- 業種 (gyōshu, “a business type or category”)
- 業所 (naritokoro, “a field to farm and a farmhouse; a second home, a vacation home”)
- 業障 (gyōshō), 業障 (gosshō, “(Buddhism) one of the three obstacles, born of sins in a past life”)
- 業人 (gōnin, “a person suffering in this life for the sins committed in a previous life; a sinner; a no-good”)
- 業人 (wazabito, “a person with excellent technique”)
- 業績 (gyōseki, “earnings; achievements; results”)
- 業前 (wazamae, “skill, ability”)
- 業体 (gyōtei), 業体 (gyōtai, “occupation, profession; a deed, an act; appearance”)
- 業態 (gyōtai, “business category, business format; business conditions”)
- 業恥 (gōhaji, “extreme dishonor, severe humiliation”)
- 業通 (gōtsū, “(Buddhism) supernatural powers or abilities earned karmically through good deeds in past lives”)
- 業突く張り (gōtsukubari, “bigoted; obstinate, stubborn”)
- 業病 (gōbyō, “disease suffered as a result of sins committed in a previous life; an intractable or incurable disease”)
- 業風 (gōfū, “the powerful winds of sin that blow in hell”)
- 業腹 (gōhara, “resentment, resentful”)
- 業物 (wazamono), 業良し (wazayoshi, “a sword or other blade made by a master craftsman”)
- 業平 (narihira, “a lady's man; a lech”)
- 業平竹 (narihira dake, “a type of bamboo (Semiarundinaria fastuosa)”)
- 業並み (wazanami, “skill, ability”)
- 業報 (gōhō), 業報 (goppō, “retribution for past sins; the results of one's karma”)
- 業報人 (gōhōnin), 業報人 (goppōnin, “a person suffering retribution for past sins”)
- 業魔 (gōma, “(Buddhism) the metaphorical demon of one's own sins, obstructing the way to nirvana”)
- 業務 (gyōmu, “business, business affairs, work duties”)
- 業務管理 (gyōmu kanri, “business management, operational control”)
- 業務権 (gyōmuken, “business right”)
- 業務執行 (gyōmu shikkō, “the carrying out of business, business operations”)
- 業務執行者 (gyōmu shikkōsha, “operating officer”)
- 業務執行社員 (gyōmu shikkō shain, “managing partner, executive member”)
- 業務上の秘密 (gyōmujō no himitsu, “a trade secret”)
- 業務上の事故 (gyōmujō no jiko, “an on-the-job accident”)
- 業務上横領 (gyōmujō ōryō, “embezzlement”)
- 業務上過失 (gyōmujō kashitsu, “professional negligence”)
- 業務妨害 (gyōmu bōgai), 業務執行妨害 (gyōmu shikkō bōgai, “interference in the execution of one's duty, obstruction of business”)
- 業厄 (gōyaku, “a disaster or misfortune suffered as retribution for past sins”)
- 業余 (gyōyo, “work on the side”)
- 業力 (gōriki, “(Buddhism) the power of karma to bring about reward or retribution”)
- 業歴 (gyōreki, “a business calendar”)
- 業惑 (gōwaku, “sin and worldly desires; retribution for sin and worldly desires”)
- 商業 (shōgyō, “commerce, trade, business”)
- 工業 (kōgyō, “industry, manufacturing”)
- 企業 (kigyō, “company, corporation, enterprise”)
- 作業 (sagyō, “work, operation”)
- 残業 (zangyō, “work overtime”)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 業 |
| ぎょう Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
/ɡepu/ → /ɡefu/ → /ɡeu/ → /ɡjoː/
From Middle Chinese 業 (MC ŋɨɐp̚). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.
Noun
Proverbs
- 業は道に依って賢し (gyō wa michi ni yotte kashikoshi): the ones doing it are the experts
- 業を創め、統を垂る (gyō o hajime, tō o taru): a man of virtue builds up his skills, and then passes them on to those who come after
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 業 |
| ごう Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → /ɡou/ → /ɡoː/
From Middle Chinese 業 (MC ŋɨɐp̚). The goon, so likely an earlier borrowing. Translation from the Sanskrit term कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action, performance”).
Noun
Idioms
- 業が深い (gō ga fukai): to be deeply sinful
- 業が煮える (gō ga nieru), 業が煎れる (gō ga ireru), 業が湧く (gō ga waku): to be irritated, to be annoyed, to get angry
- 業を煮やす (gō o niyasu), 業を沸かす (gō o wakasu): to lose one's temper, to fly off the handle
- 業に沈む (gō ni shizumu): to sink into sin and despair
- 業の風 (gō no kaze): the powerful winds of sin that blow in hell
- 業の秤 (gō no hakari): a mythological scale that weighs the sins of the dead
- 業を曝す (gō o sarasu): to endure shame in this life as karma for sins committed in a previous life
Proverbs
- 業によりて果を引く (gō ni yorite ka o hiku): you reap what you sow, what goes around comes around
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 業 |
| なり Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[4]
Derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 業る (naru, “to earn a living”). Ultimately of same origin as verb なる (naru, “to become”).[5]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [na̠ɾʲi]
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 業 |
| わざ Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[6]
Alternative forms
Noun
業 • (waza)
- a work of great significance or intent
- an intentional act or action
- (Buddhism) a Buddhist memorial service
- one's job, occupation, profession
- a matter or affair: implies a complication or problem
- a technique, a means of doing something
- a move or technique in sumo, judo, kendo, or other competitive activity
- a disaster, misfortune, calamity
Related terms
- (intentional act): 態と (waza to): intentionally, deliberately
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 805), text here
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 4, poem 721), text here
Korean
Vietnamese
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