華夏

See also: 华夏

Chinese

		flourishing; illustrious	grand
trad. (華夏)		華	夏
simp. (华夏)		华	夏

Attested in the Zuo Zhuan:

楚失華夏，則析公之為也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

楚失华夏，则析公之为也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

Chǔ shī Huáxià, zé Xī Gōng zhī wéi yě. [Pinyin]

That Chu lost the allegiance of the flourishing and grand ("華夏") central states was the doing of the lord of Xi.

A line in the Zuo Zhuan features the words 夏 (OC *ɡraːʔ) and 華 (OC *ɡʷraː) used in a parallel structure.

裔不謀夏，夷不亂華。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

裔不谋夏，夷不乱华。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

Yì bù móu xià, yí bù luàn huá. [Pinyin]

The borderers may not plot against the grand ("夏") domains; the aliens should not sow chaos among the flourishing ("華") peoples.

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Huáxià
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Huásià
  - Wade–Giles: Hua²-hsia⁴
  - Yale: Hwá-syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Hwashiah
  - Palladius: Хуася (Xuasja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: waa⁴ haa⁶
  - Yale: wàh hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: waa⁴ haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wa⁴ ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /waː²¹ haː²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Fà-ha
  - Hakka Romanization System: faˇ ha
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fa² ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fa¹¹ ha⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hā
  - Tâi-lô: Huâ-hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoa'ha
  - IPA (Taipei): /hua²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²³⁻³³ ha³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hua²⁴⁻²² ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-hēe
  - Tâi-lô: Huâ-hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³hho-hho
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦo²² ɦo⁴⁴/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-qʷʰˤra [ɢ]ˤraʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraː ɡraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華	夏
Reading #	2/3	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huá	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæ ›	‹ hæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*N-qʷʰˁra/	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

華夏

(poetic, historical) Huaxia (the land of Chinese culture, particularly in ancient historical contexts, as distinguished from non-Chinese barbarians)
華夏古樂／华夏古乐 ― huáxià gǔyuè ― ancient music of the Chinese nation
China

Synonyms of 華夏

Hanja in this term
華	夏

華夏 • (hwaha) (hangeul 화하)

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