إن
Arabic
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin/
Conjunction
إِن • (ʔin)
- (conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)
- إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ ― ʔin tadrus tanjaḥ ― If you study you (will) succeed.
- إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْ ― ʔin lā tadrus lā tanjaḥ ― If you do not study you (will) not succeed.
- اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فِخِنْجَرٌ.
- al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran fiḵinjarun.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ، إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.
- an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim, ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
-
- هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ
- hātū burhānakum ʔin kuntum ṣādiqīna
- Give your proof, if you are truthful.
Usage notes
Normally for conditions that are capable of being fulfilled. For contrary-to-fact conditions, use لَوْ (law). Used with the past tense or the jussive, in both cases with a present-tense meaning.
Synonyms
- إِذْمَا (ʔiḏmā)
Derived terms
- إِمَّا (ʔimmā)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin.na/
Particle
إِنَّ • (ʔinna)
- indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated
- إِنِّي فَقِير وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.
- ʔinnī faqīr wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.
- I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.
Usage notes
- The subject of a clause containing إِنَّ (ʔinna) takes the accusative case, personal pronouns take enclitic forms.
- When إِنَّ (ʔinna) is followed by the first person singular enclitic ـِي (-ī, “my, me”), it produces forms إِنِّي (ʔinnī) or إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī). When it is followed by the first person plural enclitic نَا (nā, “our, us”), it produces forms إِنَّا (ʔinnā) or إِنَّنَا (ʔinnanā).
Inflection
Inflected forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | إِنَّ (ʔinna) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
First person | إِنِّي / إِنِّيَ / إِنَّنِي / إِنَّنِيَ (ʔinnī / ʔinniya / ʔinnanī / ʔinnaniya) | إِنَّنَا / إِنَّا (ʔinnanā / ʔinnā) | |||
Second person | إِنَّكَ (ʔinnaka) | إِنَّكِ (ʔinnaki) | إِنَّكُمَا (ʔinnakumā) | إِنَّكُمْ (ʔinnakum) | إِنَّكُنَّ (ʔinnakunna) |
Third person | إِنَّهُ (ʔinnahu) | إِنَّهَا (ʔinnahā) | إِنَّهُمَا (ʔinnahumā) | إِنَّهُمْ (ʔinnahum) | إِنَّهُنَّ (ʔinnahunna) |
Derived terms
- إِنَّمَا (ʔinnamā)
See also
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin/
Particle
إِنْ • (ʔin)
- (archaic) not
-
- إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ إِلَّا فِي غُرُورٍ
- ʔini al-kāfirūna ʔillā fī ḡurūrin
- the disbelievers are not but in delusion
-
- إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا إِحْسَانًا وَتَوْفِيقًا
- ʔin ʔaradnā ʔillā ʔiḥsānan wa-tawfīqan
- we intended nothing but good conduct and accommodation
- a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, “طرف أهل خراسان”, in البخلاء:
- لَا وَٱللّٰهِ، إِنْ أَهْلَكَ النَّاسَ وَلَا أَقْفَرَ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَلَا تَرَكُ دُورَهُمْ بَلَاقِعَ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانُ بِٱلْخَلَفِ
- lā wal-lāhi, ʔin ʔahlaka n-nāsa walā ʔaqfara buyūtahum walā taraku dūrahum balāqiʕa ʔillā l-ʔīmānu bi-l-ḵalafi
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
Synonyms
- مَا (mā)
References
- Lipiński, Edward (2001) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 80) (in English), 2nd edition, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 482:
- One of the oldest and most important presentatives is *han, attested in Palaeosyrian and in Old Akkadian en-ma, later umma by assimilation. It is found in Ugaritic (hn), in Old Canaanite (a-nu, a-nu-ú, an-nu, an-nu-ú), in Hebrew (hinnē), in Arabic (ʾinna), In Ge'ez (ʾən-ka); e.g. Arabic ʾinna llāha ʾalā kulli šayʾin qadīrun, "behold, God has power over everything". It should be identified with the West Semitic article han-, but carefully distinguished from the conditional particle hn → ʾn.
- Hetzron, Robert (1997) The Semitic Languages, page 201: The [Arabic] particle ʾinna, etymologically cognate to Hebrew hen, hinne: "behold", emphasizes that the speaker's utterance is true.
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “إن”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 103 seqq.
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “إن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 37
South Levantine Arabic
Conjunction
إن • (ʔin)
Usage notes
- إن (ʔin) is always followed by a verb in the past tense, even if refer to an action in the future.
Pronunciation
See إنّه (ʔinno).
Usage notes
- This preposition can be either used invariable in the form إنّه (ʔinno) or with an attached suffix pronoun.
- The suffix pronoun agrees with the subject of the subordinate clause.
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