روم

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬‎ (Hrom), from Ancient Greek Ῥωμαῖοι (Rhōmaîoi, “Romans”), self-designation of the Byzantines.

• IPA^(key): /ruːm/

رُوم • (rūm) m, collective, singulative رُومِيّ‎ m (rūmiyy), plural أَرْوَام‎ (ʔarwām)

1. (collective) the Byzantines
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 30:2-3:

     ‏غُلِبَتِ ٱلرُّومُ فِي أَدْنَىٰ ٱلْأَرْضِ وَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِم سَيَغْلِبُونَ‎

     ḡulibati r-rūmu fī ʔadnā l-ʔarḍi wahum min baʕdi ḡalabihim sayaḡlibūna

     The Byzantines have been overcome in the land nearby, but after the overcoming of them they soon shall overcome.

2. (collective) Greek Orthodox Christians

• Wehr, Hans (1979), “روم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

From Arabic رُوم‎ (rūm), from Latin Roma.

روم • (Rum)

1. Roman
2. A name inconsistently applied to various areas that formerly belonged to the Roman Empire.

• روم‌ایلی‎ (“Rumelia”)

• Turkish: Rum
• → Laz: ურუმი (urumi), რუმი (rumi)

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “Rum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “روم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 994

From Arabic رُوم‎ (rūm), from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬‎ (Hrōm).

روم • (rum)

1. (historical) Ancient Rome

   ‏روم باستان‎ ― rum-e bâstân ― Ancient Rome

   ‏جمهوری روم‎ ― jomhuri-ye rum ― Roman Republic

2. (dated, historical) the Byzantine Empire

   Synonym: بیزانس‎ (bizâns)

3. (archaic) Asia Minor, Anatolia
4. (archaic, historical) the Ottoman Empire

• In premodern sources, روم‎ (rum) usually refers to Byzantium or the former Byzantine territories in Anatolia, as medieval Persians did not have any clear knowledge of pre-Byzantine Rome. The Ottoman Turks are conventionally termed رومی‎ (rumi), because they inhabited the former Byzantine lands.
• It is sometimes used vaguely for any enemy of Iran in the west. In the Shahnama epic tradition, Rome is one of the three kingdoms into which the world is divided, along with Iran in the center and Turan/the Turks in the east. Alexander the Great is typically considered Roman.
• In poetry, the pale-skinned Romans or Turks are used as metaphors for light, whiteness, or the day, and are contrasted with the darkness, blackness, or night of زنگ‎ (zang, “Africa, Abyssinia”).

• رومی‎ (rumi)
• یا رومی روم، یا زنگی زنگ‎ (yâ rumi-ye rum, yâ zangi-ye zang)
• نه رومی روم، نه زنگی زنگ‎ (na rumi-ye rum, na zangi-ye zang)

From English Rome.

روم • (rôm)

1. (Dari) Rome, a city in Italy.