উপ-

From Sanskrit उप- (upa-), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, below”).

উপ- • (upo-)

1. under, below, subordinate, deputy; sub-, under-, vice-

   ‎উপ- (up-) + ‎জেলা (jela, “district”) → ‎উপজেলা (upojela, “subdistrict”)

   ‎উপ- (up-) + ‎পরিচালক (poricalok, “director”) → ‎উপপরিচালক (upoporicalok, “vice-director”)

2. lesser, near, like, proximate

   ‎উপ- (up-) + ‎সাগর (sagor, “sea”) → ‎উপসাগর (upośagor, “bay, gulf”)

   ‎উপ- (up-) + ‎জাতি (jati, “nation”) → ‎উপজাতি (upojati, “tribe”)

   ‎উপ- (up-) + ‎গ্রহ (grôhô, “planet”) → ‎উপগ্রহ (upogroho, “satellite”)

Definitions 4–7 used exclusively with nouns.

Occasionally used with an implied verb, or placed after the verb rather than prefixing it.

• Monier Williams (1899), “উপ-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 0194, 0195.