ḏd

See also: dd, Dd, DD, -dd, d.d., .dd, D.D., and D&D

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /cʼaːtʼ/ → /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ → /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/

Verb
D&d

 2-lit.

  1. (transitive) to say, to speak (+ n: to)
    • 12th Dynasty, Stela of Amenemhat, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, E567:
      D&d t
      n
      f      		 M18iwmR4
      t p      		 in
      wr      		 A1Z3nw
      Z1      		 AbbDw
      O49
      ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw
      May “welcome in peace” be said to him by the great of Abydos.
    • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 23:[2]
      D&d n&A1 d
      p      		 t
      ns      		 A2mtZ6M22M22
      […] ḏd.n.j dpt mwt nn […]
      […] I said “this is the taste of death.” […]
    • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:
      Drr
      n      		 D&dn
      f      		 H_SPACE
      n      		 sn
      Z2      		 irn
      t t      		 nb
      t      		 mzSY1HrZ1pG41ASf
      d      		 warq
      sDmmstmiiD&dA1stmz
      n      		 X4Y1HAAY1
      Z2      		 HrZ1SAAAtY1
      Z2
      ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt
      In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.
  2. (intransitive) to talk, to speak (+ n: to)
    • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–21:
      irr
      k      		 mx
      r      		 t
      Y2
      Z2      		 ib Z1
      k      		 swrr
      d      		 nDspWD&d n
      k
      jr r.k m ḫrt-jb.k swrd pw ḏd n.k
      Well, do whatever you want (literally, “as your desire”).[3] It’s tiring to talk to you.

Inflection
Conjugation of ḏd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ḏd, geminated stem: ḏdd
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ḏd
 ḏdw, ḏd
 ḏdt
 ḏd, j.ḏd
 ḏd, j.ḏd
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ḏd
 ḥr ḏd
 m ḏd
 r ḏd
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect ḏd.n
 ḏdw, ḏd
 consecutive ḏd.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative ḏdt
perfective3 ḏd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 ḏd.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective ḏd, j.ḏd1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 ḏd
 ḏdd
 potentialis1 ḏd.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive ḏd, j.ḏd1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect ḏd.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective ḏd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 ḏd
 ḏdd, ḏddj6, ḏd2, ḏdw2 5, ḏdy2 5
imperfective j.ḏd1, ḏd, ḏdy, ḏdw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 j.ḏd1, j.ḏdw1 5, ḏd, ḏdj6, ḏdy6
 ḏd, ḏdw5
prospective ḏd, ḏdtj7
 — ḏdtj4, ḏdt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲟⲩ (čou)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

Verb
D&d
  1. (Late Egyptian) Alternative form of r ḏd (introduces a direct quotation or object clause)

Descendants
  • Coptic: ϫⲉ- (če-)

Noun
D&d

 m

  1. speech, speaking

Inflection
Declension of ḏd (masculine)
singular ḏd
dual ḏdwj
plural ḏdw

Derived terms

Descendants

Noun
Dd

 m

  1. stability

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Old Coptic: ⲧⲁⲧ (tat)

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 233.
  • Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 222, 323
  1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 37, 53
  2. Allen, James (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 71–72
  3. The beginning can alternatively be read as an imperfective emphatic jrr.k ‘You do …’.
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