獨立

See also: 独立

Chinese

		alone; independent; single alone; independent; single; sole; only	set up; to stand
trad. (獨立)		獨	立
simp. (独立)		独	立

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): dúlì

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ

(Chengdu, SP): du² ni²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дўли (dwli, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): duk⁶ laap⁶, duk⁶ lap⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k-li̍p
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): to̍k-li̍p

(Teochew, Peng'im): dog⁸ lib⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): ⁵doq-liq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dúlì
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dúlì
  - Wade–Giles: tu²-li⁴
  - Yale: dú-lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwulih
  - Palladius: дули (duli)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³⁵ li⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    獨力／独力
    獨立／独立
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: du² ni²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: duli
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹ ni²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дўли (dwli, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²⁴ li²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: duk⁶ laap⁶, duk⁶ lap⁶
  - Yale: duhk laahp, duhk lahp
  - Cantonese Pinyin: duk⁹ laap⁹, duk⁹ lap⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: dug⁶ lab⁶, dug⁶ leb⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊk̚² laːp̚²/, /tʊk̚² lɐp̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k-li̍p
  - Hakka Romanization System: tug lib
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tug⁶ lib⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵ lip̚⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k-li̍p
  - Tâi-lô: to̍k-li̍p
  - Phofsit Daibuun: doglip
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔk̚²⁴⁻² lip̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lip̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dog⁸ lib⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: to̍k li̍p
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tok̚⁴⁻² lip̚⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ⁵doq-liq
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥ʊʔ¹¹ li̯ɪʔ²³/

Middle Chinese: /duk̚ liɪp̚/

Rime
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (3)	侵 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	徒谷切	力入切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duk̚/	/liɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duk̚/	/lip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/duk̚/	/ljep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwk̚/	/lip̚/
Li Rong	/duk̚/	/liəp̚/
Wang Li	/duk̚/	/lĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuk̚/	/li̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	duk⁶	lap⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤok k.rəp/

(Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ rɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dú	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ duwk ›	‹ lip ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁok/	/*k.rəp/
English	alone; only	stand (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11818	7869
Phonetic component	蜀	立
Rime group	屋	緝
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	獨	立
Old Chinese	/*doːɡ/	/*rɯb/

Verb

獨立

(literally) to stand alone
to be independent; to stand on one's own
他的獨立生活的能力很差。 [MSC, trad.]
他的独立生活的能力很差。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā de dúlì shēnghuó de nénglì hěn chà. [Pinyin]
His ability to live independently is very poor.
(of a country, ethnic group, etc.) to be independent
宣佈獨立／宣布独立 ― xuānbù dúlì ― to declare independence

Synonyms

自立 (zìlì)

Antonyms

依賴／依赖 (yīlài)

Adjective

獨立

(literary) extraordinary; preeminent

Derived terms

獨立化／独立化 (dúlìhuà)
獨立國／独立国 (dúlìguó)
獨立國家聯合體／独立国家联合体 (Dúlì Guójiā Liánhétǐ)

獨立性／独立性 (dúlìxìng)
獨立王國／独立王国 (dúlì wángguó)
獨立自主／独立自主 (dúlìzìzhǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (獨立):

→ Japanese: 独立(どくりつ) (dokuritsu)
→ Korean: 독립(獨立) (dongnip)
→ Vietnamese: độc lập (獨立)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
獨	立
どく Hyōgaiji	りつ Grade: 1
on’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [do̞kɯ̟ᵝɾʲit͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

獨(どく)立(りつ) • (dokuritsu)

Kyūjitai form of 独立 (“independence”)

Korean

Hanja in this term
獨	立

Noun

獨立 • (dongnip) (hangeul 독립)

Hanja form^? of 독립 (“independence”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
獨	立

Noun

獨立

chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independence”).

Adjective

獨立

chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independent”).

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