開化

See also: 开化

Chinese

open; operate (vehicle); start
 
to make into; to change into; ‑ization
to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (開化)
simp. (开化)
anagram 化開化开

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial () (29) (32)
Final () (41) (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division () I II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰʌi/ /hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰəi/ /hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰɒi/ /xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰəj/ /hwaɨH/
Li
Rong
/kʰᴀi/ /xuaH/
Wang
Li
/kʰɒi/ /xwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰɑ̆i/ /xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kāi huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hoi1 faa3

Verb

開化

  1. to become civilized
  2. (dialectal) to thaw; unfreeze
  3. to blossom; to mature; to reach fruition

Adjective

開化

  1. civilized
  2. liberal; progressive; open-minded
  3. in good spirits

Antonyms

  • (civilized): (literary) 草昧 (cǎomèi), (attributive) 始祖 (shǐzǔ), 原始 (yuánshǐ)

Proper noun

開化

  1. () Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開化):
  • Japanese: (かい)() (kaika)
  • Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)
  • Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
かい
Grade: 3

Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(かい)() (kaika) かいくわ (kaikwa)?

  1. civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)
    現代日本(げんだいにほん)開化(かいか)
    “Gendai nihon no kaika
    The Civilizing of Modern Japan (1911 lecture by Natsume Soseki)

Verb

(かい)()する (kaika suru) かいくわ (kaikwa)?suru (stem (かい)() (kaika shi), past (かい)()した (kaika shita))

  1. to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)

Conjugation

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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