< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱerh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (“to grow”).[1] A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) has also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 (*kraːɡ, “antler”) and 觥 (*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.

Root

*ḱerh₂-

  1. head, top
  2. horn

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerh₂-
  • *ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-[4]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kéras
  • *ḱerh₂-o-now-os (literally “head nodding”)[5]
    • Proto-Italic: *keronowos
  • *ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥h₂-s-né-s
  • *ḱerh₂-s-ro-m[6][7]
  • *ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective)[8][9]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kárˀwāˀ
      • Lithuanian: kárvė
      • Proto-Slavic: *kòrva (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱr(h₂)-ént-
    • ⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s[10]
  • *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-n-h₂ (collective)[11]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kárahna
      • Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρηνον (kárēnon) (backformation from *kárahna)
        Doric: κᾰ́ρᾱνον (kárānon)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hšā
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hṣā
        • Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षा (śīrṣā)
  • *ḱr̥h₂-nó-s[12][13][14][15]
    • Proto-Celtic: *karnos
      • Proto-Brythonic: karn
      • Gaulish: *carnon (“horn”), carnuātus (“horned”)
        • → Ancient Greek: κάρνον (kárnon, “Gallic horn”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hurną (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hngám
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥Hngám
        • Sanskrit: शृङ्ग (śṛṅgá, “horn, tusk”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *kornū
      • >? Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *ḱr̥h₂-néh₂
  • *ḱŕ̥h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥h₂-es-[6][16][17]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: սար (sar, “tip, top; mountain”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćŕ̥Has (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱŕ̥h₂-o-s
  • *kr̥h₂-s-ḗr ~ *kr̥h₂-s-n-ós (“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”)[18][19][20][21]
  • *ḱr̥h₂-wós, *ḱér-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥h₂-éw-os (“deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)[22][23][24][25]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas
      • Old Prussian: sirwis
      • → Proto-Finnic: *hirvas, *hirvi (see there for further descendants)
      • → Proto-Samic: *sërvēs, *sërvë (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *karwos (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós
      • Ancient Greek: κερᾰός (keraós), κερᾱΐς (kerāḯs)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥Hwás (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *kerwos
      • Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱr-o-h₂-s-no-m[26]
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Anatolian:[1]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (karau̯ar), [script needed] (surna), [script needed] (harsar)
      • Luwian: [script needed] (zurni)
      • → Persian: سرنا‎ (sornâ) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *herutaz (“deer, stag”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:

References
  1. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “(SI)karāu̯ar / karaun”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 517-518
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “¹k̑er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 574
  3. Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European‎, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 676-677
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cernuus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 110-111
  6. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hersan- ~ *herzan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 221–222
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cerebrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
  8. Derksen, Rick (2015), “karvė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 230
  9. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kòrva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrinþiz ~ *hrunþiz”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 247–248
  11. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάρᾱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641
  12. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sьrna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 485
  13. Derksen, Rick (2015), “stirna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 428-429
  14. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*karno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191
  15. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hurna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
  16. Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 906
  17. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 570–571
  18. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sьršenь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 485-486
  19. Derksen, Rick (2015), “širšuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450
  20. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “crābrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
  21. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hurznuta/ō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259
  22. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κεραός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 676
  23. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κερᾱΐς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 674
  24. Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009), T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian), Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 22, 82, 177, 178, 320
  25. Абаев, В. И. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow, Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 179–181
  26. Stefan Schumacher & Joachim Matzinger, Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013), 224.

Further reading
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