Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerǵʰ-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰergʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰerǵʰ- (perfective)[1][2][3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerǵʰ-

*bʰérǵʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pärkatäre (“to rise, come up”)[4]
  - Tocharian A: pärkatäre
  - Tocharian B: pärkatäre
*bʰérǵʰ-t ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ént (root aorist)[4][5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒈦𒀝𒋫𒊒 (pár-ak-ta-ru /parktaru/, 3sg.imp.med.)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եբարձ (ebarj), բարձաւ (barjaw)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: pärk
  - Tocharian B: parka
*bʰebʰórǵʰe ~ *bʰebʰr̥ǵʰḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰárȷ́ʰa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *babʰárźʰa
    - Sanskrit: बबृहाण (babṛhāṇá, “to be elevated”) [< *bʰebʰr̥ǵʰ-m̥h₁n-ós (med.part.)]
*bʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (yé-present)[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒈦𒆠𒄿𒀀𒊍𒍣 (pár-ki-ya-az-zi /parkiyazi/, “to ascend”)
*bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti (causative)[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *borgīti
  - Proto-Brythonic:
    - Middle Welsh: bwrw
  - Old Irish: díbairg (prototonic stem of the unrelated do·bidci)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰarȷ́ʰáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *barźʰáyati
    - Sanskrit: बर्हयति (barháyati, “to invigorate”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *barjáyati
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬯𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬥𐬌‎ (usbar^əzaiieni, caus.pres.subj.)
*bʰr̥-né-ǵʰ-ti ~ *bʰr̥-n-ǵʰ-énti (innovative nasal-present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բառնամ (baṙnam)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥nȷ́ʰáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥nźʰáti
    - Sanskrit: बृंहति (bṛṃháti)
*bʰérǵʰ-ont-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥t-és[7]
*bʰr̥ǵʰ-éh₂[7]
- Proto-Celtic: *brigā[8] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰérǵʰ-mn̥ ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-mén-s[6]
- >? Proto-Italic: *flāgmen
  - Latin: flamen (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰŕ̥ȷ́ʰma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bŕ̥źʰma
    - Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन् (bráhman)
  - Proto-Iranian: *bŕ̥jman
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨‎ (bar^əzimanąm, gen.pl.)
*bʰérǵʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-n-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰnás
  - Proto-Iranian: *br̥jnáh
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬥𐬀‎ (bar^əšna, inst.m.sg.)
    - Old Persian: 𐎲𐎼𐏁𐎴𐎠 (b-r-š-n-a /baršnā/, inst.m.sg.)
      - Middle Persian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫢𐫗‎ (bšn /bašn/)
        
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bšn /bašn/)
*bʰérǵʰ-o-s[1][7]
*bʰérǵʰ-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-és (s-stem)[9][10]
- Proto-Celtic: *brixs[10] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *burgz[9] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥ȷ́ʰás
  - Proto-Iranian: *br̥jáh
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬆𐬨‎ (bər^əzəm, acc.sg.), 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬋‎ (bər^əzō, gen.sg.)
    - Northern Luri: برگ‎ (berg, “mountain,hill”)
    - Ossetian: барз (barz)
      - → Chechen: барз (barz)
      - → Ingush: боарз (boarz)
*bʰérǵʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téy-s
- Proto-Italic: *forktis[11]
  - Old Latin: forctis
    - Latin: fortis
*bʰérǵʰ-tu ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-téw-s (?)
- Proto-Celtic: *brixtu- (“magical formula, incantation”)[12]
*bʰérǵʰ-u-s ~ *bʰr̥ǵʰ-éws[5][1][7]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (pár-ku-uš /parkuš/)
*bʰr̥ǵʰu-r-
- Proto-Armenian: *barju[13]
  - Old Armenian: բարձր (barjr)
*bʰr̥ǵʰu-ró-s[14]
- Proto-Tocharian: *pärkäre[14]
  - Tocharian A: pärkär
  - Tocharian B: pärkare

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhereg̑h-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 140-141
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰerg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 78-79
Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*bʰerg̑ʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 30-34
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pärk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 399
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “parkii̯e/a-ᶻⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 736-737
Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*barz”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 12-13
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burg-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brigo/ā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 77-78
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burg-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brig-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 77
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fortis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brixtu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*barj-u”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 171
Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pärkäre*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 399

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[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhereg̑h-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 140-141

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰerg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 78-79

[3] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*bʰerg̑ʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 30-34

[Adams-4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pärk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 399

[Kloekhorst-5] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “parkii̯e/a-ᶻⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 736-737

[Cheung-6] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*barz”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 12-13

[Kroonen2013_2-7] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burg-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85

[8] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brigo/ā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 77-78

[Kroonen2013_1-9] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*burg-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 85

[Matasovic2009-10] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brig-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 77

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fortis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 236

[12] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*brixtu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN

[13] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*barj-u”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 171

[Adams2013-14] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “pärkäre*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 399