Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeyh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*bʰey-[1]

Root

*bʰeyh₂-[2]

to fear, be afraid

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeyh₂- (fear)

*bʰéyh₂-e-tor ~ *bʰéyh₂-o-ntor (mediopassive root present)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHatay[3]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHatay
    - Sanskrit: भयते (bháyate, 3sg.med.)
  - Proto-Iranian: *báyHatay
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙𐬉‎ (baiieṇtē, 3pl.pres.med.)
*bʰéy(h₂)-dʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: baĩdît
  - Lithuanian: baidýti
  - Old Prussian: pobaiint
- Proto-Italic: *foiðō
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *foiðos
    - Latin: foedus (see there for further descendants)
*bʰéy(h₂)-t ~ *bʰih₂-ént (athematic root perfect)[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáyHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰáyHt
    - Sanskrit: भेम (bhema, 1pl.inj.act.)
*bʰí-bʰeyh₂-ti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰíbʰayHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bíbʰayHti
    - Sanskrit: बिभेति (bibheti)
*bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: bijóti
  - Latvian: bijât
  - Old Prussian: biatwei
  - Proto-Slavic: *bojati[4] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *bibāną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰibʰā́yHa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bibʰā́yHa
    - Sanskrit: बिभाय (bibhā́ya)
  - Proto-Iranian: *bibā́yHa
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵‎ (biβiuuāh)
*bʰoyh₂-dʰh₁-so-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀsás (“demon, evil spirit”)
*bʰih₂-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: भीत (bhīta, “afraid”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰayH- (see there for further descendants)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhōi- : bhəi- : bhī- (bhii̯ə-)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 161-162
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰei̯h₂-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 72
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “bhayⁱ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
Derksen, Rick (2015), “bijoti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 89

Alternative reconstructions

*bʰeyH-[1][2]

Root

*bʰeyh₂-[3]

to strike, hit
to hew, cut

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeyh₂- (strike)

*bʰéyh₂-ti ~ *bʰih₂-énti (athematic root present)[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtei (“to beat”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰih₂-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁-stative)[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *bijēną, *biēną (“to hit”)[5]
  - Icelandic: bjá
*bʰi-né-h₂-ti (nasal-infix present)[1][5]
- Proto-Celtic: *binati (“to strike, hit”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *finō[7]
  - Latin: *perfinō (“I break”), perfinēs (2p.sing.pres.act.subj.)
*bʰih₂-tró-s[5][8]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰītrós
  - Ancient Greek: φιτρός (phitrós, “trunk, log”)
*bʰih₂-tweh₂[4][5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bī́ˀtwāˀ
  - Proto-Slavic: *bìtva (“a battle, fight”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰoyh₂-ó-s[4][5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baiˀjas
  - Proto-Slavic: *bojь (“a battle, fight”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰoyh₂-nóm
- Proto-Germanic: *bainą (see there for further descendants)

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰei̯Η-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 72
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhei(ə)-, bhī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 117-118
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*bʰeihₐ- 'strike'”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 41: “*bʰiH-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bi(j)ēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64: “*bheiH- 'to hit'”
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bi-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 65: “*bʰeyH- 'strike'”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fīnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 222: “*bhiH- 'to hit, strike'”
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φιτρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1574: “*bʰiH- 'to strike, hew, cut'”

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[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhōi- : bhəi- : bhī- (bhii̯ə-)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 161-162

[LIV_bʰei̯h₂-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰei̯h₂-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 72

[3] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “bhayⁱ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[EDBIL_bijoti-4] Derksen, Rick (2015), “bijoti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 89

[LIV_bʰei̯Η-5] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰei̯Η-⁰”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 72

[6] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhei(ə)-, bhī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 117-118

[TOitPIEatPIEw-7] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*bʰeihₐ- 'strike'”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press

[Derksen-8] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 41: “*bʰiH-”

[EDPG-9] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bi(j)ēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64: “*bheiH- 'to hit'”

[EDPC-10] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bi-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 65: “*bʰeyH- 'strike'”

[EDL-11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fīnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 222: “*bhiH- 'to hit, strike'”

[Beekes-12] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “φιτρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1574: “*bʰiH- 'to strike, hew, cut'”