< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology
PIE word
*h₁éḱwos

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos.

Noun

*Hácwah m[1][2][3]

  1. horse

Inflection
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *Hácwah *Hácwā *Hácwā
vocative *Hácwa *Hácwā *Hácwā
accusative *Hácwam *Hácwā *Hácwānh
instrumental *Hácwā *HácwaybyaH *Hácwāyš
ablative *Hácwāt *HácwaybyaH *Hácwaybyah
dative *Hácwāy *HácwaybyaH *Hácwaybyah
genitive *Hácwahya *Hácwayāh *Hácwānam
locative *Hácway *Hácwayaw *Hácwayšu

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀‎ (aspa)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *áświ m, *áśwā f
      • Old Ossetic: *ǽspӕ, *ǽfsӕ
        • Ossetian:
          Digor: ӕфсӕ (æfsæ)
          Iron: ефс (efs)
        • ⇒ Old Ossetic: *Æspӕruk
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *aświ (see there for further descendants)
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: ασπο (aspo /asp/)
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾsb), [script needed] (ʾsp /asp/)
      • Proto-Sogdic: *áspah (see there for further descendants)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Munji-Yidgha:
      • Munji: [script needed] (yōsp), [script needed] (yosp)
      • Yidgha: [script needed] (yā̌sp), [script needed] (yasp)
    • Ormuri-Parachi:
      • Ormuri:
        Kaniguram: [script needed] (yāsp), [script needed] (yansp)
        Logar: [script needed] (yâsp)
      • Parachi: ȫsp
    • Pathan: *ā́sᵽă-[3]
      • Pashto:
        Afridi: [script needed] m (wā̊s), [script needed] f (wā̊spa)
        Pashto: آس‎ (ās), اس‎ m (as), اسپه‎ f (áspa)
        Waziri: [script needed] m (wōs), [script needed] f (wōspa)
      • Waneci: [script needed] (ās)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi:
      Eastern Balochi: اسپ‎ (asp)
      Western Balochi: اپس‎ (aps)
    • Kurdish:
      • Northern Kurdish: hesp
        • → Old Armenian: հասբ (hasb) (probably)
      • Central Kurdish: ئەسپ‎ (esp)
      • Southern Kurdish: ئەسپ‎ (esp)
      • Laki: ئەسپ‎ (esp)
    • Medo-Parthian:
      • Gurani: ئەسپ‎ (asp)
      • Komisenian:
        • Biyabanaki: [script needed] (asp)
        • Lasgerdi: [script needed] (asb)
        • Sangisari: [script needed] (asb), اسم (asm)
        • Sorkhei: [script needed] (äsp), [script needed] (äsm)
      • Old Median: *áspəh (see there for further descendants)
      • Tabari:
        • Gilaki: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
        • Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi:
          • Mazanderani: [script needed] (asb)
          • Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (asp), [script needed] (asb)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
  • → Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *ʼɨčʷe[4]
    • Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʼičʷa[4]
      • Akhvakh: ичва (ičʷa)
      • Andi: ица (ica)
      • Avar: чу (ču)
      • Chamalal: ис̌а (iša)
      • Karata: ичва (ičʷa, “mare”)
    • Dargwa: урчи (urči)
    • Khinalug: пши (pši)
    • Lak: чву (čwu)
    • Lezgi: шив (šiv)
  • → Proto-Circassian: *č'ʷə[4]
  • →? Georgian:
    • აჩუ (aču, “urge on horses”),[4] აჩო (ačo), ჰაჩო (hačo), აცე (ace, “urge on donkeys”),
    • აჩუა (ačua, “horse”) (nursery word)[4]
      • → Mingrelian: აჩუა (ačua, “horse”) (nursery word)
  • → Tocharian B: etswe

References
  1. Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*āśu̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 243-246
  2. Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015) Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎, Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley
  3. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
  4. Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 20
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