< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/carHdáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- (“to warm up, to be hot”).[1][2] Cognate with Latin caleō (“to be warm”).

Noun

*carHdáh f

  1. autumn, summer
  2. year

Derived terms
  • *náwahcarHdáh (“new year”)
    • Khwarezmian: نوسارڅ‎ (nwsʾrc /nawsārc/)
    • Sogdian: *nawēsarδ
      • → Classical Persian: نوسرذ‎ (nawsarδ, “the new year celecbration”) (Albiruni's books)
    • Parthian: *nawāgsarδ
      • → Old Armenian: նաւասարդ (nawasard)
      • → Aramaic: [script needed] (nwsrdʾ /nawsardā/, “new year”)
    • Middle Persian:
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nwksʾł /nōgsāl/)
      • Classical Persian: نوسال‎ (nawsāl)
        Dari: نوسال‎ (nawsāl)
        Iranian Persian: نوسال‎ (nowsāl)
        Tajik: навсол (navsol)
  • *upacarHdáh (“spring”)
    • Sogdian: (“the new year festival”)
      Syriac: ܐܦܣܐܪܠ‎ (ʾpsʾrδ /əpsarδ/)
    • Pashto: پسرلۍ‎ (pserláy, “spring”)
    • Yidgha: فسیدرو‎ (fsīdro, “spring”)
    • Mazanderani: اوسر‎ (avasor, “spring”)
    • Talysh: (/avasōr/, “spring”)
      Latin: əvəsor
      Arabic: اوسور‎
    • Parthian: *aβsarδ
      • → Old Armenian: աւսարդ (awsard)
    • Zazaki: usar (usār, “spring”)
    • Middle Persian: (“spring; new year festival, spring festival”)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpsʾł /afsāl/)
      • Classical Persian: ابسال‎ (absāl), آبسال‎ (âbsâl)

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀‎ (sarəδa, “year”)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian:
      • Ossetian: (“summer”)
        Digor: сӕрдӕ (særdæ)
        Iron: сӕрд (særd)
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (salä)
        • Wakhi: wəsə́rd
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: σαρλο (sarlo)
      • Khwarezmian: سرذ‎ (srδ /*sarδ/)
      • Sogdian: [Term?] (/sarδ/):
        Manichaean: 𐫘𐫡𐫔‎ (srδ), 𐫘𐫡𐫕‎ (srδδ)
        Sogdian: 𐼼𐽀𐼹‎ (srδ)
        Syriac: ܣܪܕ‎ (srd), ܫܢܬ‎ (ŠNT)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: پشېرلی‎ (pšerláy, “young ram in the second year”), پشېرلی‎ (pšerlë́y, “young ewe in the second year”)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
        • Shughni: asīδ
        • Yazghulami: sauza, asůδ
      • Yidgha: اسال‎ (asāl)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: سال‎ (sál)
    • Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: sal
      Central Kurdish: ساڵ‎ (sall)
      Southern Kurdish: ساڵ‎ (sall)
      Laki: ساڵ‎ (sall)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sardáh
      • Caspian:
      • Parthian: (/sarδ, sār/)
        Manichaean: 𐫘𐫀𐫡‎ (sʾr)
        Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭔𐭍𐭕‎ (ŠNT)
      • Proto-Tatic:
      • Zaza-Gurani:
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /θrda/, “year”)
      • Middle Persian: (/sāl/)
        Manichaean: 𐫘𐫀𐫡‎ (sʾr)
        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNT)
        Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭱𐭭𐭲‎ (ŠNT)
        Psalter Pahlavi: 𐮐𐮌𐮑‎ (ŠNT)
    • Southwestern Fars:
      • Old Kazeruni: ثل (θal) (in older orthography) [3]

References
  1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “śarád-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 616
  2. Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 414
  3. Adib Tusi, M.A., 1381 AP / 2002 AD. Lahjeye Kâzeruniye qadim, Kâzeruniye. (in Persian)
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