Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/jr̥Hanyam

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam.

Noun

*jr̥Hanyam

gold

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*jŕ̥Hanyam	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥HanyaH
vocative	*jŕ̥Hanyam	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥HanyaH
accusative	*jŕ̥Hanyam	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥HanyaH
instrumental	*jŕ̥Hanyā	*jŕ̥HanyaybyaH	*jŕ̥Hanyāyš
ablative	*jŕ̥Hanyāt	*jŕ̥HanyaybyaH	*jŕ̥Hanyaybyah
dative	*jŕ̥Hanyāy	*jŕ̥HanyaybyaH	*jŕ̥Hanyaybyah
genitive	*jŕ̥Hanyahya	*jŕ̥Hanyayāh	*jŕ̥Hanyānam
locative	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥Hanyayaw	*jŕ̥Hanyayšu

Derived terms

*jr̥HanyagaunaH (“gold-colored, golden”)
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬹𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀‎ (zaⁱri gaona, “golden; green”)
- Sogdian: (/zarγōn; zarγōnē/, “vegetable; green”) (> *zargaunīka)
  Sogdian: [script needed] (zrγwn, “plant, vegetable”)
  
  Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (zrγwnyy, “green”)
  
  Syriac: [Syriac needed] (zrγwnʾk, “green”)
  - → Pashto: زرغون‎ (zërγun)
- Old Median: *zaraniyagaona
  - → Middle Persian: (/zargōn/, “golden”)
    Manichaean: 𐫉𐫡𐫃𐫇𐫗‎ (zrgwn)
    
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlgwn')
    
    Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭦𐭫𐭢𐭥𐭭‎ (zlgwn)
    - → Old Armenian: Զարգուն (Zargun)
    - Classical Persian: زرگون‎ (zarrgōn, “golden; red lead, minium; zircon”)
      Dari: زرگون‎ (zargōn)
      
      Iranian Persian: زرگون‎ (zargūn)
      
      Tajik: заргун (zargun)
      - → Arabic: زَرْقُون‎ (zarqūn), زَرْجُون‎ (zarjūn) (see there for further descendants)
        → Ancient Greek: Συρικόν (Surikón)
        → Latin: Syricum
        → German: Zirkon
        → English: zircon
- Parthian: (/zarγōnag/, “golden; green”)
  Manichaean: 𐫉𐫡𐫃𐫇𐫗𐫃‎ (zrgwng)
  - → Middle Persian: (/zargōn/, “green; fresh”)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlgwn)
    - Classical Persian: زرگون‎ (zargōn, “green”), زرغون‎ (zarğôn), زریون‎ (zaryôn)
      Dari: زرغون‎ (zarγōn)
      
      Iranian Persian: زریون‎ (zaryūn)
      - → Arabic: زريون‎ (zaryūn)
*jr̥HanyakaH (“arsenic”)
- Old Median: *zaraniyakā (see there for further descendants)
  - → Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlyk' /zarrīg/)
    - → Old Armenian: զառիկ (zaṙik)
*jr̥Hanyakarah (“goldsmith”)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: zêrringer
  
  Central Kurdish: زێڕنگەر‎ (zêrringer)
- Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫗𐫃𐫡‎ (zrngr /zarnigar, zarīngar/)
  - → Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlykl /zarr(ī)kar/)
    
    Manichaean: 𐫉𐫡𐫏𐫃𐫡‎ (zrygr /zarrīgar/)
    - Classical Persian: زرگر‎ (zarrgar)
      - → Pashto: زرګر‎ (zargár)
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹𐎣𐎼 (d-r-n-y-k-r /daraniyakara/)
- Sogdian: [script needed] (zyrnkryy /zeṙnkarē/)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀‎ (zarańiia)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīrra)
- Ossetian: сыгъзӕрин (syǧzærin), сызгъӕрин (syzǧærin)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ζαρο (zaro /zar/)
  - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zrny /zirnī/)
  - Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: [script needed] (zyrn /zeṙn/)
    - Yagnobi: зар (zar)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: زر‎ (zër, “gold; metal”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: زر‎ (zar)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: zêrr
  
  Central Kurdish: زێڕ‎ (zêrr)
- Old Median: *zə́raniyəm
  - Middle Median: *zarr
    - Kermanic:
      Qohrudi: [script needed] (zar) (likely reborrowed from Persian زر‎ (zar))
  - → Elamite:
    Achaemenid Elamite: 𒐼𒅕𒈾𒈪𒄿𒀀 (šá-ir-na-mi-ia /šairnamiya/), 𒍝𒅕𒈾𒈪𒄿𒀀 (za-ir-na-mi-ia /zairnamiya/)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean: 𐫉𐫡𐫗‎ (zrn /zarn/)
  - → Old Armenian: *զառնա- (*zaṙna-)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: զառնաւուխտ (zaṙnawuxt)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: Զարուհի (Zaruhi)
  - → Middle Persian: (/zarr/)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ZHBA)
    
    Manichaean: 𐫉𐫡‎ (zr /zarr/)
    - Classical Persian: زر‎ (zarr)
      - Iranian Persian: زر‎ (zar)
- Zaza-Gorani
  - Gurani: زەڕ‎ (zař)
  - Zazaki: zern (zařn)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹 (d-r-n-y /daraniya/)
  - → Aramaic: דריכונא‎ (drykwnʾ)
  - → Ancient Greek: δαιρεικός (daireikós, “Persian daric”)
    - → English: daric
  - → Biblical Hebrew: אֲדַרְכּוֹן‎ (adarkon)
  - → Parthian: 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃‎ (dʾryg /dārīg/, “gold coin, Dareikos”)
  - → Sogdian: ܠܐܪܝܟ‎ (δʾryk /δārīk/)
  - → Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ‎ (drykwnʾ)

References

Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204

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