< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dira

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From the intensive stem *dir- + *-a of Proto-Slavic *dьrati (“to tear”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to tear”). Probably akin to Lithuanian dyrėti (“to look for”)[1]. Derksen mentions also a possible influence from Proto-Indo-European *deyH-r- (“to appear, to illuminate”).

Noun

dìra f[2]

  1. crack, snick, notch
    Synonyms: *rězъ, *pazina, *želbъ
  2. (by extension) trace, trail
    Synonyms: *slěda, *traga

Alternative forms

Declension
Declension of *dira (hard a-stem)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *dira *dirě *diry
Accusative *dirǫ *dirě *diry
Genitive *diry *diru *dirъ
Locative *dirě *diru *dirasъ, *diraxъ*
Dative *dirě *dirama *diramъ
Instrumental *dirojǫ, *dirǫ** *dirama *dirami
Vocative *diro *dirě *diry
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
  • *derti, *dьrati (“to tear, to flay”)
  • *derъ, *derьba (“skinning, flaying”)
  • *dorъ (“tearing, split”)
  • Pre-Slavic *diti (“to act, to initiate, to begin”) (attested only in imperative form, possibly)

Derived terms
  • *diravъ (“ragged, frayed”)
  • *diriti (“to trail, to seek”)
  • *jьzdirovanьje (“trailing, search”)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: дира (dira)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: дира (dira), дирꙗ (dirja)
    • Bulgarian: ди́ря (dírja), dial. ди́ра (díra)
    • Macedonian: дира (dira) (dialectal)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic: ди̏рa, ди̑ра
      Latin: dȉra, dȋra
    • Slovene: dírja (“trot”)
  • West Slavic:
  • Non-Slavic:

Further reading

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2015), “dyrėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 131
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*dira, *diŗa”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 107: “f. ā, f. jā 'crack, hole'”
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