< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъňiga
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
There are multiple theories:
- Borrowed either from Old High German kenning (“symbol, sign”) or from a different Germanic source (compare Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (kunnan, “to know”) and Old Norse kunna (“to know”)).
- From Akkadian kunukkum (“seal-cylinder”) or kanīkum (“sealed object: document, sack bulla, etc.”), via Old Armenian կնիք (knikʿ, “seal”).
- Ultimate Chinese origin, from 卷 (Middle Chinese kɣiuᴇnX, kɣiuᴇnH < Old Chinese *krorʔ (“to roll up”), *kror-s (“scroll”)), as paper was invented in China around the 1st century AD. However, this seems less likely due to the likely temporal precedence of Proto-Slavic over Early Middle Chinese and the large spatial separation of the donor and recipient languages.
The second and third theories require transmission by a Turkic or an Iranian language, but nothing is attested in them. Although sometimes cited, Chuvash кӗнеке (kĕnek̬e) and Ossetian чиныг (ḱinyg), киунугӕ (kiwnugæ) are both considered early Slavic loans. However, Hungarian könyv (“book”) and Erzya конёв (konjov, “paper”), which are unlikely to derive from Slavic, testify to the early presence of this word in the Volga region.
Declension
Declension of *kъňìga (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *kъňìga | *kъňìdzě | *kъňìgy |
| Accusative | *kъňìgǫ | *kъňìdzě | *kъňìgy |
| Genitive | *kъňìgy | *kъňìgu | *kъňìgъ |
| Locative | *kъňìdzě | *kъňìgu | *kъňìgasъ, *kъňìgaxъ* |
| Dative | *kъňìdzě | *kъňìgama | *kъňìgamъ |
| Instrumental | *kъňìgojǫ, *kъňìgǭ** | *kъňìgama | *kъňìgamī |
| Vocative | *kъňìgo | *kъňìdzě | *kъňìgy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *kъňìžica
Further reading
- Абаев, В. И. (1958) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow, Leningrad: Academy Press, page 596
- Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979), “կնիք”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume 2, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 609
- Berneker, Erich (1908–1913) Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, page 664
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “книга”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 406
- Matzenauer, Antonín (1870) Cizí slova ve slovanských řečech [Foreign words in Slavic languages] (in Czech), Brno: Matica Moravská, page 43
- Tsyhanenko, H. P. (1989), “книга”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 2nd edition, Kyiv: Radjanska shkola, →ISBN
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “книга”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъniga”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 203
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “kъnjiga”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 172, 187; PR 132)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “knjíga”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*kъni̋ga”
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