< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rěka
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *raikāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃royH-keh₂, from *h₃reyH-, extension of *h₃er-. Equivalent to *rě- + *-ka.
Indo-European cognates include Latin rīvus (“brook, stream”), Middle Irish rían (“river, way”), Old Irish ríathor (“torrent”), Sanskrit रय (ráуа), रीयते (rī́уаte), रीति (rītí), रेतस् (rétas), Gaulish *Rēnos, Albanian ritë, Old English rīþ, English rithe (dial.), Middle Low German rîn.
Inflection
Declension of *rě̄kà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *rě̄kà | *rě̃cě | *rě̄kỳ |
| Accusative | *rě̄kǫ̀ | *rě̃cě | *rě̄kỳ |
| Genitive | *rě̄kỳ | *rě̄kù | *rě̃kъ |
| Locative | *rě̄cě̀ | *rě̄kù | *rě̄kàsъ, *rě̄kàxъ* |
| Dative | *rě̄cě̀ | *rě̄kàma | *rě̄kàmъ |
| Instrumental | *rě̄kòjǫ, *rě̃kǫ** | *rě̄kàma | *rě̄kàmī |
| Vocative | *rěko | *rě̃cě | *rě̄kỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Declension of *rěkà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *rěkà | *rě̑cě | *rě̑ky |
| Accusative | *rě̑kǫ | *rě̑cě | *rě̑ky |
| Genitive | *rěký | *rěkù | *rě̃kъ |
| Locative | *rě̑cě | *rěkù | *rěkàsъ, *rěkàxъ* |
| Dative | *rěcě̀ | *rěkàma | *rěkàmъ |
| Instrumental | *rěkojǫ́ | *rěkàma | *rěkàmi |
| Vocative | *rěko | *rě̑cě | *rě̑ky |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “река”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “река”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN
- Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “река”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*rě̄kà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 434: “f. ā (b/c) ‘river’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “rěka rěky”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 156; PR 135)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “rẹ́ka”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *rěka̋”
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