< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvarogъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Probably related to *tvoriti, Old Church Slavonic творъ (tvorŭ, “form”), Russian утво́р (utvór, “leaven, ferment”), Czech tvořidlo (“container for cheesemaking”). Morphologically *tvar- + *-ogъ. For meaning compare French fromage, Italian formaggio.
Unlikely to be from a Turkic language (compare Chagatai [script needed] (turak, “cheese”)).[1]
Inflection
Declension of *tvarogъ (hard o-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *tvarogъ | *tvaroga | *tvarodzi |
| Accusative | *tvarogъ | *tvaroga | *tvarogy |
| Genitive | *tvaroga | *tvarogu | *tvarogъ |
| Locative | *tvarodzě | *tvarogu | *tvarodzěxъ |
| Dative | *tvarogu | *tvarogoma | *tvarogomъ |
| Instrumental | *tvarogъmь, *tvarogomь* | *tvarogoma | *tvarogy |
| Vocative | *tvarože | *tvaroga | *tvarodzi |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Belarusian: тваро́г (tvaróh); тво́раг (tvórah), тво́рах (tvórax), творо́г (tvoróh), творі́х (tvoríx), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
- ⇒ Belarusian: атваро́г (atvaróh), отворо́г (otvoróh) (dialectal)
- Russian: творо́г (tvoróg), тваро́г (tvaróg), тво́рог (tvórog)
- Rusyn: тварі́г (tvaríh)
- Ukrainian: тва́рог (tvároh)[2], творі́г (tvoríh), творо́г (tvoróh), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
- ⇒ Ukrainian: отворо́г (otvoróh) (dialectal)
- Belarusian: тваро́г (tvaróh); тво́раг (tvórah), тво́рах (tvórax), творо́г (tvoróh), творі́х (tvoríx), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic script: тварогъ (tvarogŭ)
- Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⰰⱃⱁⰳⱏ (tvarogŭ)
- Bulgarian: тваро́г (tvaróg) (obsolete)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- “Quark” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- Tsykhun, G. A., editor (2010), “тваро́г”, in Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), volume 13 (су- – трапка́ч), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2006), “тва́рог”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 5 (Р – Т), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 530
- Šanskij, N. M. (2004), “творог”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “творог”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 231
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “творог”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages, volume 2 (2014, →ISBN)
- Zhelekhivskyi, E. I., Nedilskyi, S., editors (1886), “тва́рог”, in Малоруско-нїмецкий словар [Ukrainian-German Dictionary] (in German), volume 2: П – Я, Lviv: Shevchenko Society, page 952
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