ruka

See also: Ruka, rúka, and rūka

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈruka]
  • audio(file)
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka
  • Rhymes: -uka

Noun

ruka f

  1. hand
    Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa
    kreslit od ruky ― to draw free-hand
    črtat od ruky ― to sketch free-hand
    dát do ruky ― to hand something to someone

Declension
Declension of ruka
singular plural dual
nominative ruka ruce ruce
genitive ruky ruk rukou
dative ruce rukám rukám
accusative ruku ruce ruce
vocative ruko ruce ruce
locative ruce rukách rukou, rukách
instrumental rukou rukami rukama

Further reading
  • ruka in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • ruka in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
  • ruka in Internetová jazyková příručka

Ingrian
Ruka.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

Pronunciation
  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈruɡ̊ɑ]
  • Rhymes: -ukɑ
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

ruka

  1. (hardened) resin

Declension
Declension of ruka (type 3/koira, k- gradation, gemination)
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukkiin
partitive rukkaa rukkia
illative rukkaa rukkii
inessive ruas ruis
elative ruast ruist
allative rualle ruille
adessive rual ruil
ablative rualt ruilt
translative ruaks ruiks
essive rukanna, rukkaan rukinna, rukkiin
exessive1) rukant rukint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

References
  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

Lower Sorbian
ruce

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f (diminutive rucka)

  1. hand
  2. arm

Declension
Declension of ruka
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ruka ruce ruki
Genitive ruki rukowu rukow
Dative ruce rukoma rukam
Accusative ruku ruce ruki
Instrumental ruku rukoma rukami
Locative ruce rukoma rukach

Further reading
  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999), “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Mapudungun

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)

Noun

ruka (Raguileo spelling)

  1. house

Descendants
  • Spanish: ruca

References
  • Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Old Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Noun

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension
Declension (pattern žena)
singular dual plural
nominative ruka rucě (ruce) ruky
genitive ruky rukú (rukou) ruk
dative rucě (ruce) rukama, rukoma rukám
accusative ruku rucě (ruce) ruky
vocative ruko rucě (ruce) ruky
locative rucě (ruce) rukú (rukou) rukách
instrumental rukú (rukou) rukama, rukoma rukami

Descendants

Further reading

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)

  1. to vomit, to puke

Further reading
  • “kuruka ” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /rǔːka/
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка)

  1. arm
  2. hand
    rukom u ruci ― hand in hand

Declension
Declension of ruka
singular plural
nominative rúka rȗke
genitive rúkē rùkū / rȕkū
dative rúci / rȗci rùkama
accusative rȗku rȗke
vocative rȗko rȗke
locative rúci rùkama
instrumental rúkōm rùkama

Synonyms

Derived terms

See also

Further reading
  • “ruka” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /rǔːkḁ/

Noun

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension
    declension of ruka (series-2b fem)
singular plural
nominative ruka
 ruke
genitive ruke
 ruk, ruki
dative ruku
 rukami, ruki
accusative ruku
 ruke
locative ruku
 ruke
instrumental rukom
 rukami, ruki

References
  • Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f (genitive singular ruky, nominative plural ruky, genitive plural rúk, declension pattern of žena)

  1. arm (the upper limb of a human)
    Synonym: rameno
  2. the hand of a human
  3. the hand of a monkey
  4. a device similar to a hand or functioning as one
    drevená ruka ― a wooden hand (artificial limb)
  5. handwriting

Declension
Declension of ruka
singular plural
nominative ruka ruky
genitive ruky rúk
dative ruke rukám
accusative ruku ruky
locative ruke rukách
instrumental rukou rukami

Derived terms

Further reading
  • ruka in Slovak dictionaries at slovnik.juls.savba.sk

Swahili

Pronunciation
  • Audio (Kenya)(file)

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)

  1. to jump
  2. to fly
  3. to transgress
  4. to denounce
  5. to shrink clothes

Conjugation
Conjugation of -ruka
Positive present -naruka
Subjunctive -ruke
Negative -ruki
Imperative singular ruka
Infinitives
Positive kuruka
Negative kutoruka
Imperatives
Singular ruka
Plural rukeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huruka
Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka)
Singular Plural
1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka
2nd person unaruka mnaruka
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka
other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki)
Singular Plural
1st person siruki haturuki
2nd person huruki hamruki
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki
other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka
Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke)
Singular Plural
1st person niruke turuke
2nd person uruke mruke
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke
other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka)
Singular Plural
1st person naruka twaruka
2nd person waruka mwaruka
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka
m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka
ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka
n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka
u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka
pa(XVI) paruka
mu(XVIII) mwaruka
Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka
"Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka
"If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka
Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -niruka -turuka
2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka
m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka
ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka
n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka
u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka
pa(XVI) -paruka
mu(XVIII) -muruka
Reflexive -jiruka
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao
m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo
n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo
u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -rukako
pa(XVI) -rukapo
mu(XVIII) -rukamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka
m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka
ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka
n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka
u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -koruka
pa(XVI) -poruka
mu(XVIII) -moruka
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms
  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -rukia
    • Causative: -rukisha
    • Passive: -rukwa
    • Reciprocal: -rukana
    • Stative: -rukika

Ternate

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɾu.ka/

Verb

ruka

  1. to wrench

Conjugation
Conjugation of ruka
Singular Plural
Inclusive Exclusive
1st toruka foruka miruka
2nd noruka niruka
3rd Masculine oruka iruka, yoruka†
Feminine moruka
Neuter iruka
† - archaic

References
  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Noun

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension
Declension of ruka
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ruka ruce ruki
Genitive ruki rukow rukow
Dative ruce rukomaj rukam
Accusative ruku ruce ruki
Instrumental ruku rukomaj rukami
Locative ruce rukomaj rukach
Vocative ruka ruce ruki
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