قدم
Arabic
Etymology 1
From the root ق د م (q-d-m), from Proto-Semitic *q-d-m (“to precede, come before”). Compare Hebrew קדם and Classical Syriac ܩܕܡ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qa.da.ma/
Conjugation
Conjugation of
قَدَمَ
(form-I sound, verbal nouns قَدْم or قُدُوم)| verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
qadm or qudūm | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
qādim | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَقْدُوم maqdūm | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qadamtu |
qadamta |
قَدَمَ qadama |
قَدَمْتُمَا qadamtumā |
قَدَمَا qadamā |
qadamnā |
qadamtum |
qadamū | |||
| f | qadamti |
qadamat |
قَدَمَتَا qadamatā |
qadamtunna |
qadamna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaqdumu |
taqdumu |
yaqdumu |
تَقْدُمَانِ taqdumāni |
يَقْدُمَانِ yaqdumāni |
naqdumu |
taqdumūna |
yaqdumūna | |||
| f | taqdumīna |
taqdumu |
تَقْدُمَانِ taqdumāni |
taqdumna |
yaqdumna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaqduma |
taqduma |
yaqduma |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
يَقْدُمَا yaqdumā |
naqduma |
taqdumū |
yaqdumū | |||
| f | taqdumī |
taqduma |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
taqdumna |
yaqdumna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaqdum |
taqdum |
yaqdum |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
يَقْدُمَا yaqdumā |
naqdum |
taqdumū |
yaqdumū | |||
| f | taqdumī |
taqdum |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
taqdumna |
yaqdumna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | uqdum |
اُقْدُمَا uqdumā |
uqdumū |
||||||||
| f | uqdumī |
uqdumna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qudimtu |
qudimta |
قُدِمَ qudima |
قُدِمْتُمَا qudimtumā |
قُدِمَا qudimā |
qudimnā |
qudimtum |
qudimū | |||
| f | qudimti |
qudimat |
قُدِمَتَا qudimatā |
qudimtunna |
qudimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqdamu |
tuqdamu |
yuqdamu |
تُقْدَمَانِ tuqdamāni |
يُقْدَمَانِ yuqdamāni |
nuqdamu |
tuqdamūna |
yuqdamūna | |||
| f | tuqdamīna |
tuqdamu |
تُقْدَمَانِ tuqdamāni |
tuqdamna |
yuqdamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqdama |
tuqdama |
yuqdama |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
يُقْدَمَا yuqdamā |
nuqdama |
tuqdamū |
yuqdamū | |||
| f | tuqdamī |
tuqdama |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
tuqdamna |
yuqdamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqdam |
tuqdam |
yuqdam |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
يُقْدَمَا yuqdamā |
nuqdam |
tuqdamū |
yuqdamū | |||
| f | tuqdamī |
tuqdam |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
tuqdamna |
yuqdamna | |||||||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qa.di.ma/
Verb
قَدِمَ • (qadima) I, non-past يَقْدَمُ (yaqdamu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
قَدِمَ
(form-I sound, verbal nouns قُدُوم or قِدْمَان or مَقْدَم)| verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
qudūm or qidmān or maqdam | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
qādim | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَقْدُوم maqdūm | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qadimtu |
qadimta |
قَدِمَ qadima |
قَدِمْتُمَا qadimtumā |
قَدِمَا qadimā |
qadimnā |
qadimtum |
qadimū | |||
| f | qadimti |
qadimat |
قَدِمَتَا qadimatā |
qadimtunna |
qadimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaqdamu |
taqdamu |
yaqdamu |
تَقْدَمَانِ taqdamāni |
يَقْدَمَانِ yaqdamāni |
naqdamu |
taqdamūna |
yaqdamūna | |||
| f | taqdamīna |
taqdamu |
تَقْدَمَانِ taqdamāni |
taqdamna |
yaqdamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaqdama |
taqdama |
yaqdama |
تَقْدَمَا taqdamā |
يَقْدَمَا yaqdamā |
naqdama |
taqdamū |
yaqdamū | |||
| f | taqdamī |
taqdama |
تَقْدَمَا taqdamā |
taqdamna |
yaqdamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaqdam |
taqdam |
yaqdam |
تَقْدَمَا taqdamā |
يَقْدَمَا yaqdamā |
naqdam |
taqdamū |
yaqdamū | |||
| f | taqdamī |
taqdam |
تَقْدَمَا taqdamā |
taqdamna |
yaqdamna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | iqdam |
اِقْدَمَا iqdamā |
iqdamū |
||||||||
| f | iqdamī |
iqdamna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qudimtu |
qudimta |
قُدِمَ qudima |
قُدِمْتُمَا qudimtumā |
قُدِمَا qudimā |
qudimnā |
qudimtum |
qudimū | |||
| f | qudimti |
qudimat |
قُدِمَتَا qudimatā |
qudimtunna |
qudimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqdamu |
tuqdamu |
yuqdamu |
تُقْدَمَانِ tuqdamāni |
يُقْدَمَانِ yuqdamāni |
nuqdamu |
tuqdamūna |
yuqdamūna | |||
| f | tuqdamīna |
tuqdamu |
تُقْدَمَانِ tuqdamāni |
tuqdamna |
yuqdamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqdama |
tuqdama |
yuqdama |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
يُقْدَمَا yuqdamā |
nuqdama |
tuqdamū |
yuqdamū | |||
| f | tuqdamī |
tuqdama |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
tuqdamna |
yuqdamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqdam |
tuqdam |
yuqdam |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
يُقْدَمَا yuqdamā |
nuqdam |
tuqdamū |
yuqdamū | |||
| f | tuqdamī |
tuqdam |
تُقْدَمَا tuqdamā |
tuqdamna |
yuqdamna | |||||||
References
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “قدم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qa.du.ma/
Conjugation
Conjugation of
قَدُمَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun قِدَم)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
قِدَم qidam | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
qādim | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qadumtu |
qadumta |
قَدُمَ qaduma |
قَدُمْتُمَا qadumtumā |
قَدُمَا qadumā |
qadumnā |
qadumtum |
qadumū | |||
| f | qadumti |
qadumat |
قَدُمَتَا qadumatā |
qadumtunna |
qadumna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaqdumu |
taqdumu |
yaqdumu |
تَقْدُمَانِ taqdumāni |
يَقْدُمَانِ yaqdumāni |
naqdumu |
taqdumūna |
yaqdumūna | |||
| f | taqdumīna |
taqdumu |
تَقْدُمَانِ taqdumāni |
taqdumna |
yaqdumna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaqduma |
taqduma |
yaqduma |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
يَقْدُمَا yaqdumā |
naqduma |
taqdumū |
yaqdumū | |||
| f | taqdumī |
taqduma |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
taqdumna |
yaqdumna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaqdum |
taqdum |
yaqdum |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
يَقْدُمَا yaqdumā |
naqdum |
taqdumū |
yaqdumū | |||
| f | taqdumī |
taqdum |
تَقْدُمَا taqdumā |
taqdumna |
yaqdumna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | uqdum |
اُقْدُمَا uqdumā |
uqdumū |
||||||||
| f | uqdumī |
uqdumna | ||||||||||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qad.da.ma/
Verb
قَدَّمَ • (qaddama) II, non-past يُقَدِّمُ (yuqaddimu)
- to introduce (someone to someone else)
- to let precede, to make precede, to send ahead, to dispatch
- to set forth beforehand, to place at the front, to place at the head
- to do earlier, to do beforehand
- to give precedence, to prefer
- to appoint as guardian
- to prepare, to get ready, to make ready
- to provide, to set aside, to earmark, to make provision
- to offer, to proffer, to tender, to extend
- to present, to produce, to exhibit, to display
- to hand over, to deliver, to give, to hand over, to grant
- to submit, to refer, to lay before, to offer up
- to dedicate
Conjugation
Conjugation of
قَدَّمَ
(form-II sound)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
taqdīm | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muqaddim | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muqaddam | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | qaddamtu |
qaddamta |
قَدَّمَ qaddama |
قَدَّمْتُمَا qaddamtumā |
قَدَّمَا qaddamā |
qaddamnā |
qaddamtum |
qaddamū | |||
| f | qaddamti |
qaddamat |
قَدَّمَتَا qaddamatā |
qaddamtunna |
qaddamna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqaddimu |
tuqaddimu |
yuqaddimu |
تُقَدِّمَانِ tuqaddimāni |
يُقَدِّمَانِ yuqaddimāni |
nuqaddimu |
tuqaddimūna |
yuqaddimūna | |||
| f | tuqaddimīna |
tuqaddimu |
تُقَدِّمَانِ tuqaddimāni |
tuqaddimna |
yuqaddimna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqaddima |
tuqaddima |
yuqaddima |
تُقَدِّمَا tuqaddimā |
يُقَدِّمَا yuqaddimā |
nuqaddima |
tuqaddimū |
yuqaddimū | |||
| f | tuqaddimī |
tuqaddima |
تُقَدِّمَا tuqaddimā |
tuqaddimna |
yuqaddimna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqaddim |
tuqaddim |
yuqaddim |
تُقَدِّمَا tuqaddimā |
يُقَدِّمَا yuqaddimā |
nuqaddim |
tuqaddimū |
yuqaddimū | |||
| f | tuqaddimī |
tuqaddim |
تُقَدِّمَا tuqaddimā |
tuqaddimna |
yuqaddimna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | قَدِّمْ qaddim |
قَدِّمَا qaddimā |
qaddimū |
||||||||
| f | qaddimī |
qaddimna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | quddimtu |
quddimta |
قُدِّمَ quddima |
قُدِّمْتُمَا quddimtumā |
قُدِّمَا quddimā |
quddimnā |
quddimtum |
quddimū | |||
| f | quddimti |
quddimat |
قُدِّمَتَا quddimatā |
quddimtunna |
quddimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuqaddamu |
tuqaddamu |
yuqaddamu |
تُقَدَّمَانِ tuqaddamāni |
يُقَدَّمَانِ yuqaddamāni |
nuqaddamu |
tuqaddamūna |
yuqaddamūna | |||
| f | tuqaddamīna |
tuqaddamu |
تُقَدَّمَانِ tuqaddamāni |
tuqaddamna |
yuqaddamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuqaddama |
tuqaddama |
yuqaddama |
تُقَدَّمَا tuqaddamā |
يُقَدَّمَا yuqaddamā |
nuqaddama |
tuqaddamū |
yuqaddamū | |||
| f | tuqaddamī |
tuqaddama |
تُقَدَّمَا tuqaddamā |
tuqaddamna |
yuqaddamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuqaddam |
tuqaddam |
yuqaddam |
تُقَدَّمَا tuqaddamā |
يُقَدَّمَا yuqaddamā |
nuqaddam |
tuqaddamū |
yuqaddamū | |||
| f | tuqaddamī |
tuqaddam |
تُقَدَّمَا tuqaddamā |
tuqaddamna |
yuqaddamna | |||||||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qa.dam/
Audio (file)
Declension
Declension of noun قَدَم (qadam)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قَدَم qadam |
الْقَدَم al-qadam |
قَدَم qadam |
| Nominative | قَدَمٌ qadamun |
الْقَدَمُ al-qadamu |
قَدَمُ qadamu |
| Accusative | قَدَمًا qadaman |
الْقَدَمَ al-qadama |
قَدَمَ qadama |
| Genitive | قَدَمٍ qadamin |
الْقَدَمِ al-qadami |
قَدَمِ qadami |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | قَدَمَيْن qadamayn |
الْقَدَمَيْن al-qadamayn |
قَدَمَيْ qadamay |
| Nominative | قَدَمَانِ qadamāni |
الْقَدَمَانِ al-qadamāni |
قَدَمَا qadamā |
| Accusative | قَدَمَيْنِ qadamayni |
الْقَدَمَيْنِ al-qadamayni |
قَدَمَيْ qadamay |
| Genitive | قَدَمَيْنِ qadamayni |
الْقَدَمَيْنِ al-qadamayni |
قَدَمَيْ qadamay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَقْدَام ʔaqdām |
الْأَقْدَام al-ʔaqdām |
أَقْدَام ʔaqdām |
| Nominative | أَقْدَامٌ ʔaqdāmun |
الْأَقْدَامُ al-ʔaqdāmu |
أَقْدَامُ ʔaqdāmu |
| Accusative | أَقْدَامًا ʔaqdāman |
الْأَقْدَامَ al-ʔaqdāma |
أَقْدَامَ ʔaqdāma |
| Genitive | أَقْدَامٍ ʔaqdāmin |
الْأَقْدَامِ al-ʔaqdāmi |
أَقْدَامِ ʔaqdāmi |
Derived terms
- كُرَة اَلْقَدَم (kurat al-qadam, “football”)
Descendants
- → Azerbaijani: qədəm
- → Baluchi: قدم (qadam)
- → Bengali: কদম (kodom)
- → English: kadam (via a language of India)
- → Persian: قدم (qadam)
- → Kazakh: қадам (qadam)
- → Hindi: क़दम (qadam)
- → Urdu: قدم
- → Kazakh: қадам (qadam)
- → Northern Kurdish: qedûm, qidûm, qudum, qudûm, qedem
- → Armenian: ղուդում (łudum)
- → Nepali: कदम (kadam)
- → Ottoman Turkish: قدم (kadem)
- Turkish: kadem
- → Armenian: խատէմ (xatēm)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qadm/
Noun
قَدْم • (qadm) m
- verbal noun of قَدَمَ (qadama) (form I)
Declension
Declension of noun قَدْم (qadm)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قَدْم qadm |
الْقَدْم al-qadm |
قَدْم qadm |
| Nominative | قَدْمٌ qadmun |
الْقَدْمُ al-qadmu |
قَدْمُ qadmu |
| Accusative | قَدْمًا qadman |
الْقَدْمَ al-qadma |
قَدْمَ qadma |
| Genitive | قَدْمٍ qadmin |
الْقَدْمِ al-qadmi |
قَدْمِ qadmi |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qi.dam/
Noun
قِدَم • (qidam) m
- verbal noun of قَدُمَ (qaduma) (form I)
Declension
Declension of noun قِدَم (qidam)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | قِدَم qidam |
الْقِدَم al-qidam |
قِدَم qidam |
| Nominative | قِدَمٌ qidamun |
الْقِدَمُ al-qidamu |
قِدَمُ qidamu |
| Accusative | قِدَمًا qidaman |
الْقِدَمَ al-qidama |
قِدَمَ qidama |
| Genitive | قِدَمٍ qidamin |
الْقِدَمِ al-qidami |
قِدَمِ qidami |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qidm/
Adverb
قِدْم • (qidm)
- time long past, old times
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qu.dum/
References
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “قدم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Persian
South Levantine Arabic
| Root |
|---|
| ق د م |
Pronunciation
Verb
قدّم • (ʔaddam) (form II, present بقدّم (biʔaddem))
Conjugation
| Conjugation of قدّم (ʔaddam) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| past | m | قدّمت (ʔaddamt) | قدّمت (ʔaddamt) | قدّم (ʔaddam) | قدّمنا (ʔaddamna) | قدّمتو (ʔaddamtu) | قدّمو (ʔaddamu) | |
| f | قدّمتي (ʔaddamti) | قدّمت (ʔaddamat) | ||||||
| present | m | بقدّم (baʔaddem) | بتقدّم (bitʔaddem) | بقدّم (biʔaddem) | منقدّم (minʔaddem) | بتقدّمو (bitʔaddmu) | بقدّمو (biʔaddmu) | |
| f | بتقدّمي (bitʔaddmi) | بتقدّم (bitʔaddem) | ||||||
| subjunctive | m | اقدّم (aʔaddem) | تقدّم (tʔaddem) | يقدّم (yʔaddem) | نقدّم (nʔaddem) | تقدّمو (tʔaddmu) | يقدّمو (yʔaddmu) | |
| f | تقدّمي (tʔaddmi) | تقدّم (tʔaddem) | ||||||
| imperative | m | قدّم (ʔaddem) | قدّمو (ʔaddmu) | |||||
| f | قدّمي (ʔaddmi) | |||||||
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /qa.dam/, [ˈqɑ.dɑm]
Audio (Ramallah) (file)
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.