冥

冥	U+51A5, 冥 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A5

← 冤
[U+51A4]

CJK Unified Ideographs

冦 →
[U+51A6]

Translingual

Han character

冥 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月日卜金 (BAYC), four-corner 3780₀, composition ⿱冖昗 or ⿱𠕾六)

Derived characters

凕塓嫇㟰幎慏㨠溟猽暝榠熐䄙瞑䏃螟鄍䒌覭䫤鼆蓂

References

KangXi: page 130, character 28
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1588
Dae Jaweon: page 293, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 304, character 10
Unihan data for U+51A5

Chinese

simp. and trad.		冥
alternative forms		𠖇㝠暝

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (冥) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
瞑	meːn, meːns, *meːŋ
嫇	mreːŋ, meːŋ, *meːŋʔ
慏	*meŋʔ
冥	*meːŋ
榠	*meːŋ
鄍	*meːŋ
溟	meːŋ, meːŋʔ
螟	*meːŋ
猽	*meːŋ
蓂	meːŋ, meːɡ
覭	meːŋ, meːɡ
暝	meːŋ, meːŋs
幎	*meːɡ
幂	*meːɡ
塓	*meːɡ

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意) : 冖 (“cloth cover”) + 日 (“sun”) + 廾 (“two hands”). The 廾 was later corrupted to 六.

May also be a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *meːŋ) : phonetic 冖 (OC *meːɡ) + semantic 日 + semantic 廾 (Shuowen Jiezi).

Etymology

An area word for "night"; Compare Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʰməŋH (“night”), Proto-Bahnaric *maŋ (“night”), Burmese မည်း (many:, “dark; black”) (Schuessler, 2007).

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): míng (ming²)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ming⁴, ming⁵
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mèn
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bêng

(Teochew, Peng'im): mêng⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: míng
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: míng
  - Wade–Giles: ming²
  - Yale: míng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ming
  - Palladius: мин (min)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ming⁴, ming⁵
  - Yale: mìhng, míhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ming⁴, ming⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: ming⁴, ming⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɪŋ²¹/, /mɪŋ¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: menˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: men²
  - Sinological IPA: /men¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng
  - Tâi-lô: bîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: beeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /biɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /biɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /biɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɪŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: mêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /meŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /meŋ/

Rime
Character	冥
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	莫經切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/meŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/meŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/mɛŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mɛjŋ/
Li Rong	/meŋ/
Wang Li	/mieŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/mieŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	míng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ming⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤeŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*meːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冥
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	míng
Middle Chinese	‹ meng ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁeŋ/
English	dark
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冥
Reading #	1/1
No.	9197
Phonetic component	冥
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冥
Old Chinese	/*meːŋ/

Definitions

冥

(literary) dark; dim; gloomy; faint
(literary) ignorant; muddled
冥頑不靈／冥顽不灵 ― míngwánbùlíng ― obstinate and ignorant
deep; profound
苦思冥想 ― kǔsīmíngxiǎng ― to think long and hard
the underworld
冥府 ― míngfǔ ― the nether world
(obsolete) night
a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 冥

冥佑
冥具
冥冥 (míngmíng)
冥冥中
冥冥之中
冥加
冥司
冥器 (míngqì)
冥土
冥契
冥婚 (mínghūn)
冥寂
冥府 (míngfǔ)
冥思 (míngsī)
冥思苦想 (míngsīkǔxiǎng)
冥思苦索 (míngsīkǔsuǒ)
冥想 (míngxiǎng)
冥搜
冥昧
冥河
冥漠
冥漠君
冥王 (míngwáng)
冥王星 (Míngwángxīng)
冥界

冥福
冥童
冥籍
冥茫
冥蒙
冥行
冥行擿埴
冥衣 (míngyī)
冥途 (míngtú)
冥默
北冥
幽冥 (yōumíng)
幽冥地府
幽冥戒
悄冥冥
悄悄冥冥
晦冥 (huìmíng)
杳冥
沉冥
混冥
渺渺冥冥
玄冥
穹冥
窅冥
窈冥

窈窈冥冥
西冥
邈冥冥
青冥
冥報／冥报
冥壽／冥寿
冥奧／冥奥
冥子裡／冥子里
冥寶／冥宝
冥數／冥数
冥會／冥会
冥濛／冥蒙
冥紙／冥纸
冥誕／冥诞 (míngdàn)
冥資／冥资
冥鈔／冥钞 (míngchāo)
冥錢／冥钱
冥鏹／冥镪
冥靈／冥灵
冥頑／冥顽 (míngwán)
冥頑不靈／冥顽不灵 (míngwánbùlíng)
冥鴻／冥鸿
風雨晦冥／风雨晦冥
鴻飛冥冥／鸿飞冥冥

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mián (mian²)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mián
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mián
  - Wade–Giles: mien²
  - Yale: myán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mian
  - Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mjɛn³⁵/

Definitions

冥

Only used in 顛冥／颠冥.

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): miàn (mian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: miàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: miàn
  - Wade–Giles: mien⁴
  - Yale: myàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miann
  - Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mjɛn⁵¹/

Definitions

冥

Only used in 冥眴.

References

“冥”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

冥

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

dark
Synonym: 溟
underworld; the world of dead people

Readings

Go-on: みょう (myō, Jōyō)^{←みやう (myau, historical)}
Kan-on: めい (mei, Jōyō)^{←めい (mei, historical)}
Kun: くらい (kurai, 冥い)

Compounds

dark

冥(みょう)冥(みょう) (myōmyō) (溟(みょう)溟(みょう))
冥(めい)暗(あん), 冥(めい)闇(あん) (meian)
冥(めい)海(かい) (meikai) (溟(めい)海(かい))
冥(めい)晦(かい) (meikai)
冥(めい)頑(がん) (meigan)
冥(めい)愚(ぐ) (meigu)
冥(めい)契(けい) (meikei)
冥(めい)鴻(こう) (meikō)
冥(めい)合(ごう) (meigō)
冥(めい)色(しょく) (meishoku) (瞑(めい)色(しょく))
冥(めい)棲(せい) (meisei)
冥(めい)想(そう) (meisō) (瞑(めい)想(そう))
冥(めい)捜(そう) (meisō) (瞑(めい)捜(そう))
冥(めい)漠(ばく), 冥(めい)邈(ばく) (meibaku)
冥(めい)茫(ぼう), 冥(めい)芒(ぼう) (meibō)
冥(めい)昧(まい) (meimai)
冥(めい)冥(めい) (meimei) (溟(めい)溟(めい))
冥(めい)蒙(もう), 冥(めい)濛(もう) (meimō)
冥(めい)黙(もく) (meimoku)
暗(あん)冥(めい) (anmei)
晦(かい)冥(めい) (kaimei) (晦(かい)暝(めい))
空(くう)冥(めい) (kūmei)
玄(げん)冥(めい) (genmei)
高(こう)冥(めい) (kōmei)
混(こん)冥(めい) (konmei) (混(こん)溟(めい))
紫(し)冥(めい) (shimei)
邃(すい)冥(めい) (suimei)
西(せい)冥(めい) (seimei) (西(せい)溟(めい))
宕(とう)冥(めい) (tōmei)
南(なん)冥(めい) (nanmei) (南(なん)溟(めい))
北(ほく)冥(めい) (hokumei) (北(ほく)溟(めい))
幽(ゆう)冥(めい) (yūmei)
杳(よう)冥(めい) (yōmei)
窅(よう)冥(めい) (yōmei)
窈(よう)冥(めい) (yōmei)

world of dead people

冥(みょう)界(かい) (myōkai)
冥(みょう)官(かん) (myōkan)
冥(みょう)鬼(き) (myōki)
冥(みょう)顕(げん) (myōgen)
冥(みょう)衆(しゅ) (myōshu)
冥(みょう)道(どう) (myōdō)
冥(みょう)罰(ばつ) (myōbatsu)
冥(みょう)福(ふく) (myōfuku)
冥(めい)王(おう) (meiō)
冥(めい)王(おう)星(せい) (meiōsei)
冥(めい)界(かい) (meikai)
冥(めい)鬼(き) (meiki)
冥(めい)器(き) (meiki)
冥(めい)境(きょう) (meikyō)
冥(めい)土(ど), 冥(めい)途(ど) (meido)
冥(めい)罰(ばつ) (meibatsu)
冥(めい)府(ふ) (meifu)
冥(めい)福(ふく) (meifuku)
冥(めい)報(ほう) (meihō)
冥(めい)霊(れい) (meirei)
冥(めい)路(ろ) (meiro)
沈(ちん)冥(みょう) (chinmyō)

other meaning

冥(みょう)応(おう) (myōō)
冥(みょう)恩(おん) (myōon)
冥(みょう)加(が) (myōga)
冥(みょう)感(かん) (myōkan)
冥(みょう)鑑(かん) (myōkan)
冥(みょう)譴(かん) (myōkan)
冥(みょう)護(ご) (myōgo)
冥(みょう)助(じょ) (myōjo)
冥(みょう)利(り) (myōri)
冥(みょう)慮(りょ) (myōryo)
冥(めい)応(おう) (meiō)
冥(めい)感(かん) (meikan)
冥(めい)佑(ゆう), 冥(めい)祐(ゆう) (meiyū)
冥(めい)慮(りょ) (meiryo)
青(せい)冥(めい) (seimei)
蒼(そう)冥(めい) (sōmei)
沈(ちん)冥(めい) (chinmei)

Korean

Hanja

冥 (eumhun 어두울 명 (eoduul myeong))

Hanja form^? of 명 (“dark, gloomy, night”).
Hanja form^? of 명 (“deep”).

Vietnamese

Han character

冥: Hán Nôm readings: minh, mênh, mưng

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