拒む

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
拒
こば
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

According to Samuel Martin, appears to be a fusion of kopa-, the stem of adjective 強し (kopasi, “stiff, hard”) + 阻む (habamu, “to obstruct, prevent, thwart”).[2] However, the term habamu is not attested until 830,[3] while related intransitive term 憚る (habakaru, “to be put off, to be deterred, to hesitate”) is attested since 720.[4]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) こば​む [kòbáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[5]
  • IPA(key): [ko̞ba̠mɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

拒(こば)む • (kobamu) godan (stem 拒(こば)み (kobami), past 拒(こば)んだ (kobanda))

  1. [from 720] to refuse (to do) something, to reject something
    Synonyms: 断る (kotowaru), 否む (inamu)
    Antonyms: 受け取る (uketoru), 受け入れる (ukeireru), 認める (mitomeru)
  2. [from 885] to block or obstruct
    Synonyms: 妨げる (samatageru), 防ぐ (fusegu), 阻む (habamu)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "拒む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 拒ま こばま kobama
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 拒み こばみ kobami
Shūshikei ("terminal") 拒む こばむ kobamu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 拒む こばむ kobamu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 拒め こばめ kobame
Meireikei ("imperative") 拒め こばめ kobame
Key constructions
Passive 拒まれる こばまれる kobamareru
Causative 拒ませる
拒ます		 こばませる
こばます		 kobamaseru
kobamasu
Potential 拒める こばめる kobameru
Volitional 拒もう こばもう kobamō
Negative 拒まない こばまない kobamanai
Negative continuative 拒まず こばまず kobamazu
Formal 拒みます こばみます kobamimasu
Perfective 拒んだ こばんだ kobanda
Conjunctive 拒んで こばんで kobande
Hypothetical conditional 拒めば こばめば kobameba

References
  1. “拒”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. Martin, Samuel E. (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 710
  3. “阻・沮”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  4. “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  5. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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