< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic

Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kalma

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Most likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”) (which would make the word a doublet with *koolema), but compare also Proto-West Germanic *kwalm (“killing, death”); *skalmǭ (“plague”).

Noun

*kalma

  1. grave
  2. death

Inflection
Inflection of *kalma
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *kalma *kalmat
accusative *kalman *kalmat
genitive *kalman *kalmaden
*kalmoiden
partitive *kalmada *kalmoida
inessive *kalmassa
*kalmahna		 *kalmoissa
*kalmoihna
elative *kalmasta *kalmoista
illative *kalmahen *kalmoihen
adessive *kalmalla *kalmoilla
ablative *kalmalta *kalmoilta
allative *kalmalen
*kalmalek		 *kalmoilen
*kalmoilek
essive *kalmana *kalmoina
translative *kalmaksi *kalmoiksi
instructive *kalman *kalmoin
comitative *kalmanek *kalmoinek
abessive *kalmatta *kalmoitta

Derived terms
  • *kalmisto

Descendants
  • Estonian: kalm
  • Finnish: kalma
  • Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)
  • Karelian: kalma
  • Livonian: kālma
  • Livvi: kalmu
  • Ludian: kalm
  • Veps: kaum, koum
  • Võro: kalm
  • Votic: kalmõ, kalmo

References
  • kalm in Metsmägi, Iris; Sedrik, Meeli; Soosaar, Sven-Erik (2012), Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat, Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, →ISBN
  • Kylstra, A.D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Otto. 1991–2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Itkonen, Erkki; Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000) Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish), [note: linked online version also includes some other etymological sources], Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.