Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fragebaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *gebaną. Possibly calqued from Late Latin perdōnō, or vice-versa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˌɸrɑ.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*fragebaną

to give, grant
to forgive

Inflection

Conjugation of *fragebaną (strong class 5)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*fragebō	*fragebaų	—	*fragebai	?
2nd singular	*fragibizi	*fragebaiz	*frageb	*fragebazai	*fragebaizau
3rd singular	*fragibidi	*fragebai	*fragebadau	*fragebadai	*fragebaidau
1st dual	*fragebōz	*fragebaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*fragebadiz	*fragebaidiz	*fragebadiz	—	—
1st plural	*fragebamaz	*fragebaim	—	*fragebandai	*fragebaindau
2nd plural	*fragibid	*fragebaid	*fragibid	*fragebandai	*fragebaindau
3rd plural	*fragebandi	*fragebain	*fragebandau	*fragebandai	*fragebaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fragab	*fragēbį̄
2nd singular	*fragaft	*fragēbīz
3rd singular	*fragab	*fragēbī
1st dual	*fragēbū	*fragēbīw
2nd dual	*fragēbudiz	*fragēbīdiz
1st plural	*fragēbum	*fragēbīm
2nd plural	*fragēbud	*fragēbīd
3rd plural	*fragēbun	*fragēbīn

	present	past
participles	*fragebandz	*fragebanaz

Derived terms

*fragiftiz

Descendants

Old English: forġiefan, forġyfan, forġifan
- Middle English: forȝiven, foryiven, foryeven; forgiven
  - ⇒ Middle English: forgiven (influenced by given)
    - English: forgive
    - Scots: forgie, firgee, forgae
Old Frisian: urieva
- Saterland Frisian: ferjeeuwe
- West Frisian: ferjaan
Old Saxon: fargevan, fargeƀan
- Middle Low German: vorgeven
  - German Low German: vergeven, vögiëwen
Old Dutch: *fargevan
- Middle Dutch: vergēven
  - Dutch: vergeven
    - Afrikaans: vergewe
    - Negerhollands: vergie, vergeven
    - Skepi Creole Dutch: forgef
  - Limburgish: vergaeve
Old High German: fargeban
- Middle High German: vergeben
  - Cimbrian: vorghìban, borghìban
  - German: vergeben
  - Luxembourgish: verginn
  - Yiddish: פֿאַרגעבן‎ (fargebn)
Old Norse: fyrirgefa
- Icelandic: fyrirgefa
- Faroese: fyrigeva
- Danish: forgive (obsolete)
- Old Swedish: forgiva
  - Swedish: förgiva (obsolete)
Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (fragiban)
→? Late Latin: perdōnō (calque) (see there for further descendants)

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